摘要:

Abstract.—Allport objects to operational definitions of personality because, by equating personality with observable phenomena, they reduce personality to something subjective. His view on the reality of phenomena is, however, but one of several possible. The plea for an operational definition of personality may equally well be based on the phenomenological assumption that to exist means, for man, to appear in the world for someone, and what appears for someone does not have to be thought of as existing in that someone's mind. To be studied empirically, personality must be knowable, and it must be defined in terms of how it is known. Postulating an internal structure behind or within the phenomena known as personality, adds no meaning to the concep

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1974.tb00548.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.—An inventory of anxiety was constructed according to the “S‐R format”, i.e., with situations and responses selected separately. The inventory employed 17 situation scales, supposed to induce different degrees of anxiety, and 18 response scales, supposed to represent different reactions to anxiety evoking stimuli. The Ss were a group of 128 pupils, 16years of age. The main purpose was to estimate the relative proportions of variance from the different variance sources. The results showed that individuals and situations contributed only about 6% each of the total variation, responses about 19%, the simple interactions about 30%, and the residual about 40%. Factor analyses of the situation and responsescales showed that these scales were multidimensional. For the response scales two main factors were isolated, interpreted as “Psychic anxiety”, and “Somatic anxiety”. For the situation scales three main factors were isolated, interpreted as “Threat of punishment”, “Anticipation fear”,

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1974.tb00549.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.—Lower bound reliabilities for the various parameters of two previously suggested models for the serial colour word test—one linear and one quadratic —are derived and estimated. The quadratic model gave mostly very low reliabilities, and the stronger, linear model also gave only a few high reliabilities. Validity was studied by means of discriminant functions (4 groups being used; 3 clinical and 1 normal). The validity of the test was low. The linear model gave the best results under cross valid

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1974.tb00550.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.—Using visibility distance as a criterion, halogen and conventional continental European high and low‐beam headlights were compared in a series of field experiments. On high‐beam without opposing light the halogen headlights offered about 25% longer visibility distances than the conventional headlights. With both opposing cars using low‐beam there was a slight advantage (<5 m) in favour of halogen headlights. The optimal dipping distance was a function of high‐beam system (intensity) rather than low‐beam system. Small differences in aiming, atmosphere etc. caused larger differences in visibility distance than did the headl

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1974.tb00551.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.—A schematic model for storage of meaningful verbal material is outlined. Storage of words and meaningful symbols is assumed to be separate. Accordingly it is argued that transformational grammar may be in error, and that the recent distinction between thinking in words versus thinking in imagery may be spurious. Since symbols carrying meaning must be isomorphs of real states, the distinction between abstract and concrete cognition can scarcely be upheld. Cognition, even in its conceptual forms, is seen to be always concrete. The dimensions of word storage are thought to be phonological. A preliminary analysis proceeding by using phonetical molecules results in regarding the distinction between inflectional and agglutinating languages as a purely phonological feature, and an explanation is offered as to the different probabilities of word‐form change within different langua

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1974.tb00552.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.—A retroactive interference paradigm was employed for studying qualitative memory changes. The name given to an ambiguous visual figure after presentation influenced reproduction and, to a lesser extent, recognition of the figure, indicating that retroactive definition of meaning may lead to memory changes. The relation between the subject's own conception of the meaning of the figure and the name given by the experimenter involved several types of meaning retroaction, which were related to the results on the remembering tasks. The usual interpretation—in line with the permanent‐memory hypothesis—attributing changed reproductions either to perceptual change or to interference with the activity of drawing, is not accepted, and a contextual theory of memory is su

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1974.tb00553.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.—In the area of human information processing an important concept is that of a limited capacity central processing system (CPS). Posner (1970) emphasized the distinction between a short‐term memory (STM) and an operational memory (OM). To evaluate this distinction, as well as to obtain data on the capacity limit of the CPS, and experiment was carried out, in which 14 subjects had to keep a running count of the number of occurrences of two or more predetermined items in a series of stimuli. Based on the experimental data a register model of the CPS was suggested which emphasized the distinction between the STM and the OM as one of two different memory functions carried out by a common memory system. The model also suggested that the capacity limit of the CPS was around eight items of verbally coded informat

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1974.tb00554.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.—Previous studies of sampling distributions have been conducted almost exclusively under the assumption that persons behave in accordance with the “fundamental convention” of probability, i.e. that the sum of all probability estimates will equal 1. When this assumption was tested by asking subjects to give “unrestricted” probability estimates of all possible outcomes of samples from a given population, a general tendency of overestimation made the sum of all probabilities exceed 1 to a considerable extent. The subjective sampling distributions appeared to be unaffected by sample size (N=5or 10) and number of outcomes, and were flatter than the corresponding “objective” sampling

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1974.tb00555.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.—When asked to estimate the probability of outcomes of draws from a binomial population, student subjects tend to reportpvalues that clearly exceed the objective ones. The probability of specific binomial sequences was found to be even more overestimated, while the answers became much more conservative when the outcomes were grouped into a few categories. These findings were replicated in a second experiment, where the probability of heights in a male and a female student population was estimated. When the task was to estimate frequency of occurrence, instead of probability, the answers became more realistic. The conclusion is drawn that the directpestimates are relatively independent of frequency judgments, the chief determinant being the properties of the particular sample to be evaluated, irrespective of the number and probabilities of other possible sample

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1974.tb00556.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.—Two pianists and one percussionist performed a number of notated rhythms on the piano and on the side drum or the bongo drum. The tape‐recordings of the performances were analyzed by an analyzer for mono‐phonic sound sequences as regards the durations and the amplitudes. Several characteristic deviations from the norms implied by the musical notation appeared. The recordings were used as stimuli in experiments on rhythm experience described else

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1974.tb00557.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY