摘要:

The differences between mothers' and fathers' grief following the death of an infant child were investigated. From a total sample of 117 parents, 53% women and 47% men, answering a survey on different grief reactions 1 to 4 years following the death. 55 families where both partners responded, were selected. Measures relating to anxiety, depression, impact of event, bodily discomfort, and general well being were included. The results demonstrated fairly strong differences between the partners' reactions, with mothers typically experiencing more intense and long‐lasting reactions than fathers. Mothers also tended to perceive their family and friends as less supportive than fathers, while fathers were least satisfied with the support received from the hospital. Most parents felt the death had brought them closer together, although a considerable number reported feeling more distance to their partner. Mothers scored significantly higher than the fathers on experience of recovery, state anxiety (STAI), depression (Beck Depression Inventory), bodily symptoms (Bodily Symptom Scale) and intrusive images and thoughts (Impact of Event Scale, IES Intrusion). A high score in one spouse was correlated with a high score in the other, and vice versa. It is emphasized that the results showing parental differences in grief should help us tailor psychoeducational and therapeutical intervention for bereaved familie

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1987.tb00900.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Empirical data on the subjectively reported anxiety reactions of 117 parents who lost an infant at birth or daring the first year of life are presented. From a retrospective survey conducted 1 to 4 years after the death it was evident that parents experienced a great deal of anxiety following the death of their child. Parents who experienced a sudden death in the home reported the strongest anxiety, but other parents who lost their child in hospital at birth or thereafter also experienced strong anxiety. The anxiety for surviving children and later‐born children was extensive. In all areas mothers experienced more anxiety than fathers. More intense and longer grief in one's partner, the perceived lack of support from others, being older, and being a female were significantly correlated with anxiety. The results are interpreted as a confirmation that parents who lose their children experience a fundamental change in their beliefs about their family's future security. Better training of health personnel is required to secure an adequate follow up of families that lose a chil

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1987.tb00901.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The present study is concerned with comparing group mean databetweengroups with individual performancewithingroups in dichotic listening (DL). It is argued that only comparing mean ear performance in dichotic listening between groups may obscure important individual differences within groups in DL performance. In the present study we compared between group vs. within group performance in four groups of subjects (male and female, right‐ and left‐handers). The stimuli were 66 trials of consonant‐vowel combinations with the six stop‐consonants and the vowelsaandu.The results showed a group mean right ear advantage for consonants in the two right‐handed groups, and a left‐ear advantage in the two let‐handed groups. The analysis of the individual distributions within each group, however, showed clear differences between the male and female groups. Generally, though, only the male right‐handed group revealed enough homogeneity within the group to warrant the conclusion that the group mean REA reflects a left hemisphere specialization for sp

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1987.tb00902.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The personal, national and global image of the future was investigated by four different methods. The study group consisted of 69 women and 79 men aged 16 to 79. The most frequent content areas were at the personal level the family, at the national level general situation of the country and at the global level world peace. The image of the future was closely linked with the method used. Matters broader in scope than the subject's private life were spontaneously very rarely thought of, but when asked to, the subjects were able to make statements as to the future of their country and the world.

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1987.tb00903.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Judgements of the semantic relatedness of items in Eysenck's Personality Questionnaire and the corresponding inter‐item correlations were found to be significantly related. The results are taken to indicate that the inter‐item correlations are knowablea prioriand, hence, are not empirical. It is also argued that the reported findings themselves are knowablea priori, and that the study, therefore, is pseudoempirical, that is, attempts to test necessarily true propositions empirically. The study was intended to demonstrate concretely the distinction betweena prioriand empirical in psychological data, and to indicate the confusion arising when that distinction is not m

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1987.tb00904.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study is a test of some implications of the distinction between cognitive and affective processes proposed by Zajonc (1980), applied to preference and similarity judgements. Preference and similarity data were obtained for male and female subjects judging male and female cinema actors. Preference judgements were assumed to be an example of primarily affective judgement, similarity was assumed to be mainly cognitive. It was furthermore assumed that men when judging women and women judging men should be more affectively involved than the opposite cases. It was predicted (a) that making preference judgements would be more confident, (b) that such judgements would be more stable, (c) that preference judgements would show a more simple structure than similarity judgements, and (d) that the difference between similarities and preferences with regard to the level of complexity indicated by the ratings should be especially large with large affective involvement. In support of Zajonc's model, preference judgements were given with more confidence by the subjects and they were more stable over time. There was a tendency for similarity spaces to be more complex for affectively involved subjects while the opposite occurred for preference ratings. Women seemed to react more negatively to the similarity task than men did.

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1987.tb00905.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The total number of different responses, given by a group of subjects to a stimulus word in a single‐word, free‐association situation (D), is a primary determinant of associative response latency (Tecce&Glassco, 1965; Flekkøy, 1981).Dhas traditionally been assumed to reflect a word's associative potential, and the increased latency to highDwords has been explained by response competition. The results of the present experiments indicate, however, thatDreflects in an inverse mannersemantic autonomy, highDwords requiring more contextual information for their semantic specification than lowDwords. The process of semantic specification requires time, creating the positiveD‐response latency relationship. Based on a semantic interpretation ofD, associative response heterogeneity may be used as an index of a word's semantic au

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1987.tb00906.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Twelve undergraduate students were tested to determine the effects of examination stress on psychological and endocrine variables. Testing was undertaken six weeks prior to a final written examination (phase I), at the time of the examination (phase II), and 12–14 days after the examination (phase III). A control group consisted of students not taking an examination. The results demonstrated an increase in state anxiety, global stress level, systolic blood pressure and serum prolactin during stress (i.e. in phase II). In phase III, the psychological responses were normalized, but both systolic and diastolic blood pressure as well as serum prolactin, were still elevate

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1987.tb00907.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A fine‐grain analysis of autonomic responses are presented with the purpose of extending the conclusions from a previously published paper (Christianson&Nilsson, 1984) on emotional and memorial responses to traumatic visual stimuli. Control subjects were presented with a series of 18 slides of neutral faces, whereas the experimental subjects were presented with six slides of horrible facial injuries in positions 7–12, interspersed between six slides of neutral faces in the beginning, and six slides of neutral faces at the end of the series. The time course of heart rate (HR) and skin conductance (SC) during stimulus presentation was recorded. These data showed an initial pattern of increase in SC, but not in HR. This pattern was subsequently replaced by a combined increase in both SC and HR. The results are discrepant to previous work and are interpreted as effects of not informing the subjects about the gruesome slides to be presen

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1987.tb00908.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Sex difference in open field activity after learning as studied. Both Swiss albino female and male mice increased their activity after maze learning. However, the learning induced open field activity increase of the males was significantly higher than that of the females. The males were also initially more active than the females. No significant sex difference in maze learning error scores was found.

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1987.tb00909.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY