摘要:

Abstract.—The split between objective and subjective information, characterizing dualistic theories of perception, is argued to have caused contradictions around the problems of veridicality of perception and the attention‐attracting power of stimulus properties. The theory of threshold‐regulation in categorical perception is criticized and an alternative model is suggested, where the main distinctions are between the “knowing how” and the “knowing that” of perception, between exteriorization and interiorization, and between the perceptual project and the perceptual foundation. It is demonstrated that concepts used in the analysis of dialogical communication are useful in the theory of perception to explain phenomena such as curiosity, boredom, and pathologic

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1976.tb00204.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.—Forty 14‐year‐old boys were selected on the basis of peer ratings to represent characteristic aggressive, controlled extravert, anxious, and controlled introvert patterns of behaviour. Each boy was asked to play the role of either a son or a chum with the corresponding father's or chum's role played by the male E in four tape recorded dialogues. The topics were “getting more pocket money”, “holiday making”, “choosing a TV channel”, and “agreeing on a favourite make of car”. The boys' ability to persuade the opponent and to express their disagreement in a socially acceptable manner was studied. In accordance with the hypotheses the results showed that the controlled extraverts were sensible negotiators while the aggressive belittled the other's proposals and showed disagreement and indifference. The controlled introverts conformed passively and the anxious had signs of blocking in their speech. A discriminant analysis revealed that the differences were also very clear on

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1976.tb00205.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.—The behaviour of unacquainted children in a two‐child play situation was compared with the behaviour of well acquainted children. Observations were made through a one‐way‐screen, mainly in accord with categories adopted from ethological child studies. Tape‐recorded speech was coded into 27 content categories. Choice of activity and content of play seemed to be determined mostly by the children's sex, whereas nonverbal acts and also some aspects of speech showed considerable differences between strangers and acquaintances. Looking at the other's face, gaze avoidance, immobility, and automanipulation were more frequent among unacquainted children, and walking was less frequent among them. Longer initial silence, smaller total verbal output, and scarcity of suggestions, orders, and negative reactions were characteristic of unacquainted children at the initial stage of meeting. Personal talk (telling about oneself and asking quesrions about the other) was more common among unacquainted children, especia

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1976.tb00206.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.—A delimitation of the fields of application of conditioning and information‐processing models was attempted. The delimitation was made in relation to two psychological dimensions, a perception‐conception dimension and a selectivity‐of‐attention dimension. It depicted conditioning models as more applicable the more perceptually‐loaded and attentionally non‐selective the lzarning attempts, and information‐processing models as more applicable the more conceptually‐loaded and attentionally selective the learning attempts. Three assumptions were made concerning the intra‐individual coordination of conditioning and information‐processing mechanisms of learning. Conditioning and hypotheses‐testing were, for instance, assumed to be encoding processes functioning in a parallel way and resulting in products, which may fuse when retrieved and use

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1976.tb00207.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.—When two single‐cue probability learning tasks with different amounts of unpredictable variance were learned in succession. a low variance task interfered with the retention of a high variance task, but the opposite was not true. The effects were positive in that they enabled the subjects to reach a higher response consistency and, thus, a higher level of achievement. It was suggested that the subjects made use of the low variance task to reject incorrect hypotheses about the cue‐criterion relation and that interference from an interpolated task occurs only when this task provides information which has functional value for the su

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1976.tb00208.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.—The failure of a learning‐algorithm (which tells the subjects what to do in order to succeed in the learning task) is demonstrated. The experimental group was asked content‐neutral questions, intended to induce deep‐level processing after each section of the passage to be read. Narrow focusing of attention on the questions themselves resulted in erosion of content, reflected in weak performance on a retention test, and only mentioning (as opposed to commenting on) topics in recall. The deleterious effects persisted over an interval of more than two

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1976.tb00209.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.—The subjective meaning of some basic concepts in economics was studied in an experimental context. The set of subjective meanings or levels of outcome constitutes the outcome space of a certain concept. Consecutive levels of outcome corresponding to basic concepts of economics such as the production possibility frontier, the law of diminishing returns and the Malthus theory of population were shown to be ordered with respect to complexity (number of simultaneous dimensions of variation) involve

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1976.tb00210.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.—The effect of supportive and nonsupportive analogues of supervision on introvert and extravert counselors' rating of own counseling performance was studied. Subjects in the treatment groups received either supportive or nonsupportive supervision following subjects' participation in a counseling interview. Differences between counselor ratings on the Counseling Relationship Maturity Scale immediately following the counseling interview and after treatment were analyzed. A control group received no supervision. The results indicate that nonsupportive as well as supportive supervision influence counselors' evaluation of the counseling interview, and that introverts were more influenced by nonsupportive supervision than extravert

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1976.tb00211.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.—Performances in different man‐machine system functions are usually not directly comparable:It is suggested that some functions may be measured through quantities corresponding to β andd'of the signal Detection Theory. Necessary assumptions are that the task can be reduced to a binary decision and that the decision depends upon a subjective value of certainty which vanes in one dimension. The method of measurement is illustrated by an example with a hypothetical system comprising three functions: detecting, identifying and interpre

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1976.tb00212.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.—In order to demonstrate vicarious classical conditioning, and to investigate the necessity of vicarious instigation for vicarious conditioning of skin conductance responses, two groups of 32 students each observed a performer (P) allegedly trying to solve easy and difficult number series displayed for both thePand the observers (Os). Difficult problems served as CS+ and easy ones as CS‐for os in both groups; indicated shock to thePas unconditioned stimulus (UCS) for one group, and perceived threat of shock toPas UCS for the other. Within the two groups half of the os were instructed to empathize with theP, whereas the other half was instructed just to watch her movements. The results demonstrated vicarious instigation and conditioning for the group having indicated shock as UCS, and conditioning without instigation for the group having perceived threat of shock as UCS. Since results for the conditioned response and the vicariously instigated response go beyond earlier interpretations, a theoretical elaboration in the cognitive direction is argued

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1976.tb00213.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY