摘要:

Five studies published in theJournal of Experimental Social Psychologyand selected without advance knowledge of their contents, were analyzed with respect to the epistemic and modal status of their hypotheses. It was found that the general hypotheses were a priori and noncontingent (necessarily true), whereas the local auxiliary hypotheses were empirical and contingent. Hence, the data were only relevant for the latter. It is conjectured that suchpseudoempiricalstudies may abound in contemporary psychology. They remain undiscovered because researchers unreflectively believe thatall propositions that can be related to data are empiricaland thatpsychological terms need not be defined.Only when terms are defined and presuppositions (axioms) are stated, can one determine the epistemic and modal status of a given proposition, and, hence, whether or not a study is pseudoempirical.

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1994.tb00928.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Measurement of diversity is important in several sciences but has evolved mainly within ecology. An ecological community with many species is more diverse than one with few but the way the total number of individuals is distributed among the species also influences the degree of diversity or heterogeneity. Although not always explicitly used, it can be shown that diversity is a concept of some importance in psychology, too. In general terms quantification of diversity is related to the apportionment of some quantity into a number of well‐defined classes. The dual‐concept type of diversity index reflects both the number of classes and the degree of evenness (homogeneity) of the apportionment. The quantity that is distributed has commonly been a population of elements and apportionment homogeneity measures population heterogeneity. The statistical context has dominated the thinking about the measurement of diversity, heterogeneity, and homogeneity. Some well‐known indices of diversity and the ideas behind them are discussed. It is concluded that the general geometric representation of homogeneity (similarity) and heterogeneity (dissimilarity) (Junge, 1978; 1991) offers a more general approach to the measurement of dive

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1994.tb00929.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In the present study, grammatical context effects on word recognition were examined among skilled and less skilled second and sixth grade readers. Of particular interest was how the word decoding ability may correlate with the grammatical context effect. For this purpose the rich case‐marking system of the Finnish language was exploited. Recognition latencies for sentence‐final nouns were measured as a function of their syntactic agreement with the preceding adjective. The naming and lexical decision tasks were used as critical measures.The study showed a clear syntactic context effect for each of the four experimental groups. The magnitude of the observed syntactic effect was substantially larger compared to earlier results. Furthermore, the effect emerged both in naming and lexical decision. In naming, less skilled 2nd grade decoders were more affected by grammatical incongruency than their more competent peers, whereas in lexical decision the skilled 6th graders differed from other groups by showing a smaller syntactic effect. The results are discussed in the light of Stanovich's interactive‐compensatory model of word recogn

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1994.tb00930.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Various aspects of verbal memory in patients with Huntington's disease (HD) were studied using the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT). We tested if the level and interplay between 5 parameters of different memory mechanisms and processes were sufficiently specific to allow acceptable discrimination between patients with HD, patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), and patients without known CNS disease or injury. The HD‐patients were characterized by a deficit in acquisition, elevated rates of recall errors and increased use of a passive learning strategy. Preserved aspects were shown in retention over time, interference effects and recognition relative to recall. Employing multivariate classification and validation techniques, the 5 CVLT‐features demonstrated good separability between the HD‐patients and the control patients. Qualitative similarities between subgroups were suggested, but more disease‐specific data seemed necessary in further studies. A number of findings suggested a defect in the active organization of items to be encoded and recalled in HD. Similar findings in the PD‐group might indicate that this trait is common in several types of ‘subcortica

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1994.tb00931.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Four diagnostic groups categorized as ‘subcortical dementia’ were studied using a neuropsychological screening battery. The specificity of the battery in disclosing characteristic patterns of impairment in subgroups within the category, and the correspondence between natural subgroups generated by an unsupervised statistical classification technique and the diagnostic labels were investigated. All cognitive affected subgroups demonstrated impairment on tests of sensomotor function, congnitive efficiency and/or memory, and were characterized in terms of severity of impairment as well as a progressive involvement of functional areas. The diagnostic groups were not evenly represented in all natural subgroups. Affected AIDS‐patients seemed to resemble patients with Huntington's disease more than the other diagnostic groups. The screening battery could give a general characterization of the pattern of ‘subcortical dementia’ and different levels of impairment, but more specific process‐oriented tasks are needed to contrast diagnostic groups within the concept of ‘subcorti

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1994.tb00932.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Four experiments examined the effect of spaced repetition of study words on completion of word fragments with only one solution and word fragments with multiple solutions. Recognition was used as test of explicit memory in the first two experiments. The study words were presented either once or three times. Repetition was found to increase recognition memory substantially, and to affect fragment completion performance only marginally. This was true for both single‐ and multiple‐solution fragments, showing that competition among responses is not critical for the magnitude of the repetition effect in fragment completion. This finding, that the repetition effect is marginal also when the type of cues provides an occasion for repetition effects to show up, suggests that the real effect of repetition on perceptual priming is borderline. It is proposed that memory from the first presentation eliminates necessary processing of items when they are re‐exposed, and that the repetition effect thereby is re

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1994.tb00933.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The role and function of the therapeutic alliance in psychotherapy has increasingly been the focus of clinicians' and researchers' interests over the last decade. Alliance concepts have, however, been criticized for lack of conceptual clarity. The paper presents a generic model as a heuristic means for clarifying the conceptual meaning of the therapeutic alliance. The model distinguishes between the personal relationship aspect, and the collaborative, task‐related aspect of the alliance, with therapist, patient, and common contributions to each of these aspects. The model is compared to other alliance conceptualizations, and its implications for alliance theory and research are discussed. A content analysis of four widely used alliance scales in relation to the model shows the scales to represent conceptually different, yet overlapping constructs. It is argued that the componential nature of the therapeutic alliance will render difficult any interpretation of findings regarding the relationship between alliance and outcome in traditional process‐outcome research. More complex research strategies guided by theory are called for, if the therapeutic alliance should remain a vital field of resea

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1994.tb00934.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The present paper is a discussion of Jan Smedslund's main action axiom (4.3.1) in Psycho‐logic. I have interpreted the axiom in two different ways: a) as a presupposition about the determinants of action, and b) as a definition of highest expected utility. My conclusion is that taken as a supposition about the determinants of action, 4.3.1 isbasicallyright, though not in the form it has in Psychologic. 4.3.1 taken as a definition, on the other hand, is basically wron

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1994.tb00935.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1994.tb00936.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1994.tb00937.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY