摘要:

The purpose of the study was to reconcile the contradictory evidence reporting either a shortening or lengthening of the simple reaction time (RT) as a function of the intensity of a warning signal. The lengthening of auditory RT is obtained when short visual or auditory warning signals are of constant intensity within a session and succeeded by a fore‐period. Visual RT did not vary under similar circumstances. There was no effect when a warning signal of constant intensity overlapped in time with the response stimulus. The shortening of RT occurred with auditory warning signals of variable intensity and overlapping in time with the response stimulus. The shortening of RT was interpreted as facilitation‐by‐arousal. The lengthening of RT is a contextual effect but the data do not support accounts based on sensory‐neural adaptation or criterion

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1982.tb00407.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The acute and long‐term effects ofp‐chloroamphetamine (PCA) on one‐way and two‐way active avoidance (AA), passive avoidance (PA) learning, fear retention (FR) and on central monoamine concentrations were examined in the male rat. Acute PCA administration (0.63–5 mg/kg i.p.), which releases presynaptic 5‐HT, produced a dose‐related impairment of both one‐and two‐way AA acquisition, AA retention, PA and fear retention. The selective serotonin (5‐HT) uptake inhibitor zimelidine, but not the noradrenaline (NA) uptake inhibitor desipramine, blocked the avoidance deficit induced by acute PCA. Degeneration of brain 5‐HT neurons by a high neurotoxic dose of PCA (2 × 10 mg/kg i.p.) failed to change AA and PA learning but blocked the avoidance deficit induced by acute PCA. Degeneration of locus coeruleus NA neurones with DSP4 (1 × 50 mg/kg), a selective NA neurotoxin, failed to block the acute PCA action. Thus, the acute avoidance learning impairment appears to be specifically related to the acute release of endogenous 5‐HT. Both acute and long‐term PCA treatment affected 5‐HT neurones preferentially in the forebrain while marginal effects were observed in the midbrain and spinal cord. A marked impairment in the retention and retrieval of fear conditioning in the rat was also observed following acute PCA administration. The serotoninergic mechanisms underlying the retrieval deficit were found to be similar but not identical to those involved in AA acquisition. These results suggest an important role for central 5‐HT neurones in aversive learning processes. The possible involvement of 5‐HT neurones in learning, memorial and/or

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1982.tb00447.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Immediate and final free recall was tested in children from grades 4, 6, and 8, using lists of words and lists of tasks which the children performed. The expected developmental effect was found in both the immediate and the final free recall of the words, but there were no significant differences in the recall of the tasks as a function of age. These data are discussed within the Flavell‐Brown framework of strategic and nonstrategic memory task

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1982.tb00408.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In the last 25 years, enormous progress has been made in understanding the role that peptides play in regulating complex behaviors. Limiting the discussion to ACTH and congeners, it has been put forward that their effects on adaptive behaviors is due to their enhancement of the motivational or attentional properties of environmental stimuli. The multiplicity of the behavioral effects suggests that ACTH‐like peptides contain more than one bit of behavioral information. It is believed that local, post‐translational processing of neuropeptides is an important control mechanism in the availability and the identity of the active sequences. ACTH‐induced excessive grooming in the rat is discussed in detail as it clearly illustrates some of the specific features of neuropeptide and behavior research, like, structure‐activity, multiple information sites and receptors, restricted neural substrate, dose‐response relation, etc. Furthermore, evidence is accumulating that peptide modulation of membrane properties (protein phosphorylation) in certain synapses may contribute to the behavioral activit

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1982.tb00448.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Diagnostic tasks differ from predictive tasks in two respects (1) the direction of the inference in diagnosis (from effect to cause) is inverse to that in prediction (from cause to effect), and (2) the event to be inferred is more distal in diagnostic tasks than in predictive tasks. These task features led to the hypothesis that a diagnostic task would be harder to learn than a predictive task. This hypothesis was tested in an experimental situation in which the causal mechanism was random sampling with replacement. Five groups of subjects with 10 subjects in each (two predictive and three diagnostic groups) were run in individual sessions with 100 trials of feedback training. The two predictive groups learned more rapidly and to a higher level compared to the diagnostic groups. Conclusion: the present data support the hypothesis that predictive tasks are easier to learn than comparable diagnostic tasks.

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1982.tb00409.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The hypothesis that the relative locations of the landmarks in a town is not accurately remembered before the paths between them have been learned was refuted in the present study showing that the reverse may in fact be true. In two of the three experiments carried out, undergraduates were found to give accurate estimates of the relative directions to different landmarks in an average‐sized Swedish town (Umeå with about 80 000 residents), even if the subjects had been living there no more than two to four months. However, for some reason which could not be disentangled relative distance estimates turned out to be less accurate. In the third experiment, undergraduates who had lived for two months in the town by contrast hardly remembered which places among designated ones they would pass by the most direct path, whereas those who had been one year longer in the town were much better although not perfect. Finally, no sex differences were observed and there were no important differences depending on whether memory was tested for the central area of the town or for the whole town including the outskir

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1982.tb00410.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Our understanding of the functional organization of the amygdaloid complex has considerably increased in the last 10 years. Thus the abundance of previously unsuspected neocortical and thalamic afferents to the amygdala as well as the direct projections from the central amygdala to pontine structures involved in the coordination of autonomic and motor functions, present a challenge to the previous view that the function of the complex is largely related to that better known of the hypothalamus. In this context the possible significance of the abundant opoid systems in the central amygdala will be discussed with special reference to the morphine withdrawal syndrome. The role of the amygdala in the manifestation of limbic motor signs during seizures will be reevaluated in this context.

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1982.tb00449.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The social organisation of a group of primates and in particular its aggressive interactions have profound but predictable effects on sexual behaviour. Dominant individuals have prerogative over sexual interactions, but since moving into a social group itself entails changes in endocrine state, one cannot ignore the fact that these endocrine changes may in some way reinforce the nature of the social hierarchy. In paticular, this paper considers how a monkeys endocrine profile may vary according to its social status and how endocrine profiles change in different rank. Most important is the finding that behavioural experiences in the social group may have repercussions for an animals ability to cope with changing circumstances, depending upon whether that individual was of high or low social status. Recent studies using the opiate receptor blocker, naltrexone, suggest that the endogenous opiates may provide a common neural link between the behavioural consequences of social subordination and some of the endocrine changes which accompany this.

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1982.tb00450.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

“Mobbing”, i.e. school children repeatedly ganging up on the same victims, was studied among 434 12–16 years old children in three schools in Finland. A group of bullies and a group of victims were selected on basis of peer ratings. 13.7% of the boys and 5.4% of the girls were involved in mobbing behaviour. The children's personality variables were studied with questionnaires. The victims had low self‐esteem, were subjectively maladjusted, and experienced their peer relations negatively. The victims were physically weaker than well‐adjusted children, and obesity and handicaps were more common among them. The bullies were physically strong, and handicaps were also among them more frequent than among well‐adjusted children. The bullies held positive attitudes towards aggression, experienced their peer relations negatively, and held negative attitudes towards teachers and peers. They were unpopular among their peers, though not so unpopular as

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1982.tb00412.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Since psychological or learning factors can trigger metabolic consequencesand, likewise, physiological or metabolic events can affect our behaviour or learned responses to food, advances in the study of food intake and obesity can best be made by considering the interaction of psychological and metabolic factors. A hypothesis integrating these factors is presented.

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1982.tb00451.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY