摘要:

Ekman, G., and Junge, K. Psychophysical relations in visual perception of length, area and volume.Scand. J. Psychol., 1961,2, 1–10. — Subjective length, area and volume as functions of the corresponding stimulus variables were studied in three experiments. The exponents of the psychophysical power functions scattered around 1 for perception of ‘real’ space. For perspective drawings of cubes and spheres, however, the exponents were about 0.75. From a further analysis of the data it was tentatively concluded that perspective and shadow are insufficient cues to visual volume, and that the subjective scale reflects perception of area rather than volume, especially in the case of small

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1961.tb01215.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Smedslund, J. The acquisition of conservation of substance and weight in children. I. Introduction.Scand. J. Psychol., 1961,2, 11–20.—This is the first in a series of articles concerning the problem of how children acquire the concepts of conservation of substance and weight. The four alternative interpretations of nativism, maturation theory, learning theory and equilibration theory are discussed. It is concluded that nativism and maturation theory do not account for the known facts. An important issue is whether the concepts are established by external reinforcement (learning theory) or by a process of inner equilibration, as maintained by Pia

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1961.tb01216.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Russell, R. W., Watson, R. H. J., and Frankenhaeuser, M. Effects of chronic reductions in brain cholinesterase activity on acquisition and extinction of a conditioned avoidance response.Scand. J. Psychol., 1961,2, 21–29.—Significant effects of five different levels of reduction in brain ChE activity in the white rat were found during the extinction, but not during the acquisition, of a conditioned avoidance response. The reductions were produced and chronically maintained throughout the experiment by administration of an organo‐phosphorous anticholinesterase. (1) Reduced brain ChE activity was associated with differential effects on the behavior, i.e., speed of conditioning was not altered significantly, whereas speed of extinction was so affected. (2) There appears to be a ‘critical level’ between 60 and 65 per cent reduction of normal ChE activity below which extinction was significantly

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1961.tb01217.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Thrane, V. C. Sensory and preparatory factors in response latency. III. Preknowledge and regularity of stimuli as antecedent variables.Scand. J. Psychol., 1961, 2, 30–44.—Interaction between stimulus and organismic determinants of simple reaction time under weak and strong auditory stimulation was studied with 24 subjects. Results indicate that without specific preknowledge of the stimulus variants presented, there is little or no correlation between sensory and non‐sensory determinants of response latency, but that both speed and constancy of response are influenced by preknowledge, and to some extent by regularity of stimuli, in a manner and to a degree which depend on the expected intensity, thus being consistent with the hypothesis of bipolar (positive and negative) compensatory intera

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1961.tb01218.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Cohen, R. L. Velocity perception—centrally or retinally organised?Scand. J. Psychol., 1961, 2, 45–48.—5 subjects were asked to estimate (a) the relative and (6) the absolute velocities of two spots moving in a simple harmonic motion, 180° out of phase under two experimental conditions: (1) both spots projected on to bothretinas, and (2) one spot projected on to one retina and the second on to the other. Theresults were precisely the same under both conditions. This was taken as indicating that(a) the organisation of velocity perception is central rather than retinal, and (b) the effect of interference caused by one spot when trying to estimate the velocity of the other (the signal) is not lessened when the interference is fed into the eye other than the one receiving the signa

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1961.tb01219.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Honisett, J., and Oldfield, R. C. Movement and distortion in visual patterns during prolonged fixation.Scand. J. Psychol., 1960,2, 49–55.—Observations are reported from which it appears that if fixation upon a single point in a complex visual field is maintained for periods of half a minute or more a proportion of normal individuals experience movement of the whole field or of parts of it. Changing distortions of form and pattern can result. Some types of this movement are, it is thought, improbably due to intrinsic or extrinsic ocular changes, and more resemble the autokinetic phenomenon. It is suggested that eye‐movements and their visual consequences are indispensable to the maintenance of a stable coordinate system in the visual

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1961.tb01220.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The procedure differed from that of traditional shape constancy experiments in that cues for the slant of the total frame‐surface containing the main figure, a shadow rectangle, were given. The impression of slant was determined by gradients of continuous perspective transformations caused by movable elastic material casting its shadow on a translucent screen. The following hypothesis was confirmed: the tendency to see a shape in its original proportions (i.e., those it has when shown in a frontal‐parallel orientation) increases with the increasingly strong impression of the slant of its plane surf

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1961.tb01221.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Weckroth, J. Dimensions of color sensation.Scand. J. Psychol., 1961,2, 65–70.—The investigation is based on a dimensional (similarity) analysis of color sensation by Ekman (1954). It was assumed that the factor loadings of the three first factors extracted in this analysis would correspond to the proportions of blue, green, and red required, when these colors are mixed to match different wave lengths in the spectrum. This assumption was supported by the results. The coefficient of correlation between the two sets of values was 0.973, which indicates good, although not perfect, agreem

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1961.tb01222.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Smedslund, J. The acquisition of conservation of substance and weight in children. II. External reinforcement of conservation of weight and of the operations of addition and subtraction.Scand. J. Psychol., 1961,2, 71–84. —The subjects were 5–7 years old. Group I was allowed to observe empirical conservation of weight on a balance. Group II practised on additions and subtractions of material with controls on the scales. Group III took only the pre‐ and posttests. The data show no appreciable differences in frequency of acquisition of conservation between the three groups. It is concluded that none of the experimental conditions were necessary or sufficient for the acquisition of principles of conservation. The hypothesis is advanced thatcognitive conflictmay be the crucial factor i

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1961.tb01223.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Smedslund, J. The acquisition of conservation of substance and weight in children. III. Extinction of conservation of weight acquired ‘normally’ and by means of empirical controls on a balance.Scand. J. Psychol., 1961,2, 85–87.—11 children who had acquired conservation of weight by control on a balance, and 13 children who had acquired conservation prior to the study, were shown some instances of apparent non‐conservation. All the children in Group I easily gave up their concept of conservation and reverted to more primitive perceptual strategies. About half of the subjects in Group II resisted the attempt at extinction and interpreted the apparent non‐conservation as meaning that something had been added or taken away. The results are seen as consistent with the hypothesis that a concept of conservation acquired by means of external reinforcement does not have the functional properties of a normally acquired ‘logically neces

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1961.tb01224.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY