ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1984.tb00997.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Dialectical and hermeneutical contributions to psychology are reviewed separately for the countries Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden. Then, selected contributions are presented more extensively from the areas of family, socialization, and therapy; behavior therapy; educational psychology; research methods; and general psychology. Particularly in the area of family and socialization, dialectical and hermeneutical approaches have contributed to the application of, and reflection upon, therapy as a research method. The impact of dialectical and hermeneutical thought on Scandinvian psychology is too diverse to talk about any specific school, in either of the two traditions. Some main points of emphasis are, though: the qualitative study of individual cases, particularly through therapy; the focus on the internal unity of individual acts with the historical and material context of the act; the impact of the dominating mode of production upon every sphere of human life; the focus on issues of interpretation, particularly the relation of appearance and essence; and the conception of the object of psychology as a developing individual in a historical world.

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1984.tb00998.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Three domains of research (1) involvement in past and future events, (2) knowledge of the past and the future, and (3) value as a function of time (discounting) were used to elucidate man's limitations when he makes decisions based on earlier experience with consequences in the close and distant future. Evidence from all three areas illustrate that man is captured in a narrow time‐space sphere around “here and now”.—One consequence of this limitation is that risk‐willingness increases the longer ahead the outcome of a decision is likely to occur. To specify, the less we are involved in, the less we know of and the less the consequences are evaluated the larger is our willingness to make decisions with future risks. Learning from experience seems to play a minor role in improving decision making. Ill‐defined problems and non‐distinct outcomes make “economic man” fairly useless as a norm for decision making in decisions with longranging effects and of a non‐repititive character.—The paper ends with a discussion of strategies that can compensate for the limitation

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1984.tb00999.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This report presents an introduction to phenomenological psychological research. A brief theoretical section on Husserl's phenomenological philosophy is followed by a comparison between phenomenological psychology and traditional psychology and a tutorial example of the phenomenological method in psychological research. The authors argue for the necessity of a phenomenological descriptive approach to psychological research which seeks to discover the meaning of various phenomena using the descriptions of subjects' experiences. The results of a phenomenological psychological study consist of a structural description of the phenomenon in question, which basically describes thewhatandhowof a specific phenomenon rather than the explanatorywhy.

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1984.tb01000.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The Gestalt psychologists proposed that restructuring (Umstrukturierung) is an essential process in thinking. This concept has not been integrated into the information processing theory of problem solving. As a preparation for such an integration, the Gestalt writings about restructuring in problem solving are summarized in a set of principles. Critical scrutiny shows that some Gestalt principles are overstated; others have very weak empirical support. But the psychological reality of restructuring is not in doubt, in spite of the recent criticism by Weisberg and Alba (1982a). A unified theory of thinking should interpret restructuring in information processing terms, and explain the relation between restructuring and search.

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1984.tb01001.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In stimulus blocking the previous conditioning to one stimulus, A, followed by conditioning to the compound stimulus, AB, results in less conditioning to the other stimulus, B. Three experiments were performed to study the effect of the prior pairing of a stimulus A (noisy bottle) with lithium chloride followed by stimulus AB (saccharin plus noisy bottle) and lithium chloride pairings upon the strength of the aversion to the target stimuls B (saccharin) in NA‐depleted and control rats. The results obtained were not in keeping with a “blocking” explanation since enhancement, rather than blocking, of the saccharin aversion was obtained, and confirm several recent demonstrations of the “anti‐blocking” effect from investigations using the conditioned suppression procedure. DSP4 treatment attenuated the aversion‐enhancement (“anti‐blocking”) effects in all three experiments. The possibility that DSP4‐induced noradrenaline depletions may cause some disruption of between‐CS associations leading to a lesser higher order conditioning or stimulus generalisation is discussed and the present findings do add further evidence to the conclusion that noradrenaline is intimately involved i

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1984.tb01002.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Several experiments were performed with rats in order to investigate the stimulus conditions affecting the rate of acquisition of two‐way active avoidance. The number of trials per session, the duration of the Conditioned Stimulus (CS), the intertrial interval (pause time), and the intensity of the shock presentation were each varied in separate experiments. The optimal, yet practicable, conditions required to obtain a fast rate of acquisition included 40 to 60 trials per session, a 40‐sec intertrial interval, a 10‐sec Conditioned Stimulus presentation and a shock intensity of 1.0 mA. These results are discussed with regard to the problem of standardization in behavioral research manipulating biological independent vari

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1984.tb01003.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY