摘要:

Due to unfortunate choices of response scale and psychometric model earlier analyses of mood adjective check lists have given a confused and complex picture of the area. When an adequate response scale was applied and a simplex rather than a common factor analysis model was utilized it was found, in two empirical studies, that mood was possible to describe with a few bipolar factors. A theory is suggested where mood is seen as basically two‐dimensional: one dimension being activity and the other pleasantness. More or less specific definitions of the content of experience with reference to the situation may then be used to define further dimensions, such as social orientatio

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1979.tb00677.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two experiments were performed in order to study judges' confidence in their judgments. Experiment I showed that judges' confidence is a direct function of the cue intercorrelation. rijin a pure judgmental task. When judges recieved feedback, the effect of rijon confidence was, as predicted, reduced. Confidence was, however, systematically related to neitherR2cnor performance in the feedback condition. Experiment II was a further study of the effect of feedback on confidence. In addition, the hypothesis that the lack of relation between performance and confidence is due to judges' poor knowledge of how they actually perform in probabilistic inference tasks was tested. The experiment showed that differences among judges' confidence is a direct function of task predictability and that judges' confidence is related to how theybelievethat they perform rather than to how theyactuallyperform. The theoretical as well as the practical importance of studies of confidence in probabilistic inference tasks was discussed.

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1979.tb00678.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Recall of auditory and visually presented information was studied using three different types of material. Although auditory presentation was superior for all three types of material, the size and pattern of the effect depended upon whether the visual presentation was successive or simultaneous. Successive visual presentation reduced recall performance compared to auditory presentation considerably for real sentences, while smaller effects were obtained for noun sequences and scrambled sentences. The overall supremacy in recall of auditory presented items was reduced further when compared to a simultaneous visual presentation. In the last two experiments, all effects of modality of presentation obtained in immediate recall were replicated, but were eliminated in delayed recall. The finding that this modality effect is eliminated in delayed recall is taken to indicate that semantic aspects of the material to be remembered are by and large unaffected by mode of presentation, while more superficial aspects are the ones influenced.

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1979.tb00679.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Orienting response (OR) theory predicts that amount of information in the stimulus, or stimulus complexity, should be an important determinant of OR elicitation and habituation, more intense and more slowly habituating ORs being expected to complex than to simple stimuli. This prediction was tested in an experiment where subjects were exposed to simple and complex visual stimuli in randomized order, while heart‐rate and skin conductance were measured. Complex stimuli evoked a more pronounced deceleratory heartrate response than did simple stimuli. However, the two conditions did not differ in rate of habituation of this response. For skin conductance responses, on the other hand, the complex stimulus took more trials than the simple stimulus to reach habituation, whereas the two conditions did not differ in response magnitude. Thus, the hypothesis of more intense orienting to complex stimuli was supported by the heart‐rate data, and that of slower habituation to complex stimuli, of the skin conductance d

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1979.tb00680.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Children were filmed while watching violent films and their facial expressions were rated from the videotape. After having seen the violent films and after a control film they were filmed while playing in groups of three. The children represented four personality types, aggressive, constructive, submissive, and anxious. While viewing, the aggressive children looked less concentrated than the others, the constructive children showing most tenseness and fear. In the play behaviour, personality accounted for more differences than type of film seen. The submissives and constructives showed an increase in aggressive play after the violent film. Facial expressions while viewing predicted later behaviour only to a small extent. There were no differences between the sexes in the total scores, but within the sexes there were differences between the personality types.

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1979.tb00681.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A group of 52 schizophrenics, 13 neurotics and 30 normals were studied by means of the Serial Spiral After‐Effect Test. Schizophrenics with classical overt symptoms showed significantly higher values compared to neurotics, normals and latent schizophrenics on the residual variability in ten consecutive durations of the after‐effect, i.e. the total variability minus the variability ascribable to linear change. Significant correlations were obtained between residnal variability in the Serial Spiral After‐Effect Test and psychosis, as assessed by a psychiatric rating scale for the schizophrenics with classical overt symptoms, when the mean level in the Serial Spiral After‐Effect Test was

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1979.tb00682.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

An excessive activation of postsynaptic dopamine receptors as induced by the administration of L‐dopa,d‐amphetamine or apomorphine produce an abnormal behaviour characterized by a loss of inhibitory control over behaviour and an impairment of associative mechanisms. This is in contrast to the modulation of components of normal behaviour by the administration of lower doses of these drugs. It is further concluded that the administration of drugs which inhibit brain dopamine neurotransmission results in an inability to initiate voluntary movements without effects on associative mechani

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1979.tb00683.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

It is argued that even if an operant can be defined formally as the “interrelationships amongSD,R, andSrein”, specific operants require delimitations of emitted behaviour and stimuli in terms of specific sets of contingencies of reinforcement. It is argued that the class membership of operant responses can be determined neither by reference toSD, response topography,SR, nor the supposed interrelationships among these, the contingencies of reinforcement. Functional analysis seems to require knowledge rejected by radical behaviourists. It is argued that operant behaviouristic analyses of human behaviour presuppose a common‐sense understanding of actions, which–until explicated and shown to be reducible to a technichal behavioural language–must be taken as the point of departure in these

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1979.tb00684.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Reanalysis of a memory study originally interpreted to support J. P. Guilford's Structure‐of‐Intellect (SI) model fails to give support for the SI distinctions: (1) When capitalization on chance was limited by selecting a subsample of variables for analysis, only 3 out of 9 hypothesized factors were identified, (2) the root‐one number‐of‐factor criterion indicate that the SI model leads to a rather dramatic over‐factoring even when the factors are theoretically over‐determined, and (3) although the fit to the model is somewhat better than is expected on the basis of a completely random model, more reasonable semi‐random null‐hypotheses cannot be rejected in favo

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1979.tb00685.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The possibility of predicting future intelligent behavior by means of a test calling for flexible categorizing of a present situation is discussed. The test, called The Categorizing Test, consisting initially of 22 items, was tried out on 94Ss. The results showed high, positive correlations between the items, suggesting that they to a strong degree tap the same cognitive function, which is interpreted as an ability to categorize flexibly. A shorter 10‐item version of the test was compared with a test of verbal intelligence and a flexibility test of a traditional kind. On the whole, high, positive correlations were obtained, with the Categorizing Test apparently occupying a central position. These results constitute validating evidence for The Categorizing Tes

ISSN:0036-5564    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1979.tb00686.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY