ISSN:0022-4006    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-7325.1991.tb02167.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper describes the findings related to periodontal health in 14‐17‐year‐old children who participated in the National Survey of Oral Health in US Schoolchildren, conducted by the National Institute of Dental Research (NIDR) during 1986‐87. Gingivitis was observed in approximately 60 percent of children in this age group. The proportion of examined sites per child with gingivitis, however, was less than 6 percent. Gingivitis was most common in molar areas in the maxilla and incisor areas in the mandible. Supragingival calculus was observed in nearly 34 percent of the children, and subgingival calculus in approximately 23 percent. The proportion of teeth per child with calculus was approximately 8 percent for supragingival and 4 percent for subgingival calculus. Both types of calculus showed a predilection for molars in the maxilla and incisors and cuspids in the mandible. The mean periodontal attachment loss was 0.33 mm. The teeth most frequently affected by attachment loss of 2 mm or more were maxillary molars and bicuspids, followed by mandibular molars and

ISSN:0022-4006    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-7325.1991.tb02168.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAt the American Dental Association 1985 and 1986 Annual Sessions, an on‐site screening for mercury was conducted as part of the Health Screening Program (HSP) to identify dentists having elevated urinary mercury concentrations. The data generated from this study were used to examine the relationship between elevated urinary mercury exposure and kidney dysfunction. Kidney dysfunction was assessed by measurement of serum and urine β2microglobulin concentrations, serum creatinine, and creatinine clearance. The mean values found for urinary mercury were 5.8 μg Hg/L and 7.6 μg Hg/L for 1985 and 1986, respectively. Urinary mercury concentrations for this population were found to fall within the range of not detected to 115 μg Hg/L. Of the total number of participants assayed in 1985 and 1986, roughly 10 percent of the sample exhibited elevated mercury concentrations above 20 μg Hg/L. An analysis of the clinical markers indicated no clear relationship between elevated urinary mercury concentrations and kidney dysfunction. In addition to mercury testing, all dentists who participated in the 1985 and 1986 HSP were issued a questionnaire soliciting information as to their professional exposure. Those participants who were identified as having elevated urinary mercury concentrations in the 1985 HSP were issued a followup questionnaire that addressed psychological and neuropsychological symptoms. From these questionnaires three significant relationships were found. These relationships were associated with mercury/amalgam handling and skin contact, the number of amalgams placed by the dentist, and the number of hours of practice per week. The reported absence of a clear relationship between urinary mercury concentrations and potential kidney dysfunction is in agreement with other findings at the mercury concentrations tested. Based on the data generated from this study, these results support the use of an on‐site screening procedure as a quick and accurate measure of total mercury e

ISSN:0022-4006    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-7325.1991.tb02169.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Whitford GM. THE METABOLISM AND TOXICITY OF FLUORIDE. Monographs in Oral Science. Vol 13. Series editor: Myers HM. Basel

ISSN:0022-4006    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-7325.1991.tb02170.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0022-4006    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-7325.1991.tb02171.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWithin the last 20 years there has been a decrease in the caries prevalence of US schoolchildren, a change in the intraoral caries pattern, and a slowing of the progress of lesions. Simultaneously, the prevalence of enamel fluorosis has increased. The increase principally is in the milder, cosmetically acceptable forms and is more noticeable in fluoride‐deficient communities than those with optimal or above‐optimal water fluoride concentrations. Circumstantial evidence indicates that a principal contributor to the caries decline is the extensive use of fluoride dentifrices. Conversely, although use of a fluoride dentifrice can add to the total daily amount of ingested fluoride in preschool children, there is little evidence to suggest that dentifrice ingestion is a principal factor causing the fluorosis increase. The value of fluoride methods may be assessed in relative or absolute terms. The relative, or percentage, caries reduction attributed to fluoride mouthrinses and gels appears to be a property intrinsic to the methods themselves and generally is little affected by the caries activity of the population being treated. Conversely, the absolute, or numerical, caries reduction is dependent upon the level of disease in the population. Thus, the reported caries decline reduces the number of surfaces prevented from developing caries, even though the percentage reduction remains substantially unchanged. Although inadvertent ingestion of fluoride can result from the use of mouthrinses and gels, there is little evidence to suggest that they have contributed to the fluorosis increase. When using topical methods, prudence should prevail to avoid ingestion of fluoride. Fluoride dentifrices should continue to be used routinely, and although lower potency dentifrices may be considered, the literature does not provide strong support for their need. Use of fluoride mouthrinses and gels for individual patients should be predicated upon their caries activity or risk. Use of these methods in public health programs is a matter of cost‐effectiveness, which will be influenced by the caries prevalence of the target popul

ISSN:0022-4006    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-7325.1991.tb02172.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0022-4006    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-7325.1991.tb02173.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSystemic fluoride may enhance the resistance of the tooth by way of (1) an alteration in tooth morphology, and (2) a conversion of the hydroxyapatitic mineral to a fluoridated state with an attendant reduction in solubility and an enhancement of the re mineralization phase of the caries process. It has been reported by a number of investigators, although it is not universally accepted, that the posterior teeth from fluoridated areas have a distinct morphology that is less susceptible to caries attack. Fluorapatite and hydroxy apatite do not differ appreciably with respect to the amount of mineral that dissolves at a specified concentration of acid. However, if solubility is considered as a function of pH at equilibrium, i.e., the final pH after the dissolution products have entered the solvent‐a model more akin to the in vivo situation‐hydroxyapatite is the conspicuously more soluble of the two minerals. In this connection, epidemiologic data suggest that children with unusually high levels of surface enamel fluoride have little or no caries. This observation is consistent with the finding that the solubility of solid apatite solutions with varying degrees of fluoride substitution was inversely related to fluoride content, with minimal solubility at 0.5 substitution, a value observed in natural teeth at the very outermost surface of the enamel. Evidence of a preemptive effect of fluoride has also been shown in field studies in which subjects had reduced levels of caries with fluoride exposure in childhood o

ISSN:0022-4006    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-7325.1991.tb02174.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0022-4006    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-7325.1991.tb02175.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0022-4006    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-7325.1991.tb02176.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY