摘要:

This study challenges the frequent characterization of social movements as homogeneous webs of activity. Such a view distorts the activist experience and blinds scholars to the daily realities of activism. We use the concepts of “cost” and “risk” to distinguish activist experiences within a single social movement. Data obtained from 141 participants in the sanctuary movement show: (1) individuals engage in a variety of movement activities; (2) cost and risk are empirically distinguishable, along with their personal correlates; and (3) of the variables drawn from two dominant explanations of movement participation, biographical availability factors best predict high-cost activism (more hours devoted to the movement), while socialization factors best differentiate high- risk (direct contact with Central American refugees) from low-risk activists (no refugee contact).

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/69.4.987

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1991

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Case studies suggest that public housing is highly segregated by race and ethnicity, but this conclusion has not been verified on a broad sample of metropolitan areas. In this article, we use administrative data gathered from local housing authorities in 1977 by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). Employing standard indices, we measure the degree of segregation in public housing projects classified by ownership status (authority-owned vs. privately subsidized) and design (family vs. elderly). We find that elderly and subsidized projects are largely white whereas family and authority-owned projects are predominantly minority. Patterns for specific SMSAs suggest that black-white segregation is very high and is determined primarily by the rate of black population growth.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/69.4.1011

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1991

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Personal choices and relations in China, a socialist country at early stages of industrialization and economic development, seem to be remarkably similar to those in the United States, a capitalist country at advanced stages, quite possibly because particularism governs personal relations regardless of cultural, political, or economic differences. In-group choices are at a maximum for young adults and decline after the thirties in both countries. Including kin in one's discussion network reduces homophily and increases, directly as well as indirectly, diversity in the networks of both. In-group choices mathematically constrain diversity but are not the only influence on it in China or the U.S. Confining discussions of serious matters largely to a friendship clique narrows the range of associates for Chinese as well as Americans. An interesting difference is that Chinese kin tend to act as brokers who link a person to diverse nonkin associates, whereas the data provide no evidence that American kin do.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/69.4.1037

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1991

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This study demonstrates the importance of modern and traditional sources of macrolevel economic power in explaining gender stratification in developing countries. I argue that gender differences in the macrolevel distribution of adult economic power affect boys' and girls' privilege through the investments of their parents. Census and ethnographic data from Kenya for 1969 and 1979 are analyzed in testing hypotheses derived from the Blumberg theory of gender stratification. I compare how adult employment, technical expertise in the traditional division of labor, and inheritance rights affect children's privilege in education. The economic power of both sexes is found to influence children's education in Kenya. In general, modern sources of adult economic power increase formal schooling, while traditional sources reduce children's education.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/69.4.1063

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1991

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This article examines the relationship between firearm availability and homicide rates in Detroit, Michigan. Noting the difficulties involved in measuring gun density, the analysis uses an indicator based on the relative frequency with which firearms are employed in robberies and suicides. Models estimated from time-series data are consistent with the argument that higher levels of firearm density increased the risk of homicide in the city. A variety of supplementary analyses support this finding and suggest that the effect of gun availability on Detroit's homicide rates is relatively large.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/69.4.1085

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1991

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This article examines the main charges against secularization theory and finds them wanting. Contrary to the recent arguments of various critics, there is a reasonably solid body of secularization theory with valid historical content; secularization cannot be explained away as either institutionalization or transformation; it is neither a selflimiting process nor reversed by fundamentalist movements; and while secularization theory may be of limited use in current macrosociological research on global change, it is as yet far from irrelevant. Until it is more solidly refuted, secularization theory remains a valuable part of the theoretical arsenal of the sociology of religion.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/69.4.1103

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1991

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

An analysis of over 500,000 pregnancies examines racial, marital, and educational differences in adult women choosing abortion. Findings indicate that differences in race among women who abort vary by marital status, parity, and state of residence. Among unmarried women, whites are more likely than blacks, and among married women, blacks are more likely than whites to abort. The relationship between marital status and abortion also varies by education, parity, and state of residence. The likelihood of aborting increases monotonically as education increases, but only for unmarried women. The effect of education on whether women abort also varies by parity. Among women with a high school education or less, those with no prior births are least likely to abort, while for college-educated women, those with no prior births are the most likely to abort. A separate analysis examines determinants of abortion for teenage women.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/69.4.1121

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1991

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The 1983 Supreme Court decision on Three Mile Island held it would be almost impossible to distinguish between persons suffering genuine psychological stress and those who merely opposed the facility. While this argument was treated as factual by the justices, it is merely a hypothesis. This article provides an empirical test of the hypothesis, using the only other nuclear host community known to have experienced as much opposition as Three Mile Island. If the Supreme Court hypothesis were correct, attitudes toward the facility would be almost perfectly correlated with stress symptomatology. In fact, the strongest attitude-stress correlation in this community was -.096, even though simple sociodemographic variables showed far stronger correlations with the stress measures. By contrast, the broader literature reveals growing support for the alternative hypothesis implicitly rejected by the Supreme Court, namely that the risk of technological accidents may indeed be a significant predictor of psychological stress. The findings have implications for both policy and future research.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/69.4.1143

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1991

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

While foreign investment and capital penetration have become key predictor variables in many studies of economic development and social change, much less scrutiny has been applied to these phenomena as outcomes of intranational characteristics. In this crossnational, quantitative study of the determinants of growth of foreign investment and capital penetration, the growth of both phenomena is found to be similar and can be partially explained by common models based on the logic of market orientation. Moreover, such phenomena as foreign capital penetration in manufacturing and overurbanization are positively related to this growth, suggesting that previous research has misspecified certain relationships and that certain elements of the dependent- development approach to dependency theory require refinement or modification.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/69.4.1169

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1991

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This article analyzes the impact of conciliatory initiatives on conflict resolution in two- party bargaining. It specifically develops and tests a theory of unilateral initiatives derived from Osgood's (1962) notion of Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension Reduction (GRIT). The major propositions of the theory indicate that, given a pattern of mutual resistance or hostility, unilateral initiatives and tit-for-tat retaliation in response to punitive action will produce more conciliation and less hostility by an opponent. To test the theory, a bargaining setting was created in a laboratory experiment in which parties exchanged offers and counteroffers on an issue across a number of rounds while also having the option to engage in punitive action against one another. The results indicated that (1) unilateral initiatives produced more concession making and less hostility than a reciprocity strategy, and (2) tit-for-tat retaliation heightened hostility initially but reduced it over time. The article suggests some general, abstract conditions under which two parties in conflict can produce conciliation and reach agreements without the intervention of third parties.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/69.4.1183

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1991

数据来源: OUP