摘要:

Interviews with men who have adult children indicate that those who espouse nuclear family norms with regard to intergenerational relationships are most likely to accept the general value of change and are least likely to see a conflict between family values and economic success values. These same men are most likely to have high levels of education, better jobs, and higher incomes and to have less rural experience and more geographic mobility during their lives. The opposite traits characterize those who espouse extended family norms, and those espousing modified extended family norms occupy a middle position on these traits. The data are interpreted as evidence of an intrapersonality “strain toward consistency” which reflects the inter-institutional relationships in our society.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.2307/2574327

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1964

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

To aspire beyond one's present station in life constitutes an important American norm, but all persons do not have such aspirations. One hypothesis of differential mobility aspirations is that individuals who experience a depriving family of orientation milieux are more likely to be aspirants than are individuals who experience more satisfying mileux. Using a relative measure of mobility aspirations, it was found that the deprivation-aspirations hypothesis was supported for female adolescents, but only in reference to the father-daughter relationship. Consideration of parents' socioeconomic status revealed that father's occupation was significantly related to males' mobility aspirations but not to females' aspirations, and that it was related to the deprivation of neither sex.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.2307/2574328

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1964

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Occupational and educational aspirations of 800 urban high school students were studied in relation to social class and types of family influence. The actual career plans of the students were also studied. Aspirations and plans showed little variation among social classes. Only occupational plans varied significantly with class. However, type of influence varied dramatically with class. Maternal influence appeared to be stronger and more effective (relative to paternal influence) at lower class levels, regardless of the race of the student.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.2307/2574329

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1964

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

In this paper it is proposed that social structure may be usefully analyzed in terms of three types of principles. These are briefly: (1) explicit rules directly determining behavior in a given area; (2) explicit rules only indirectly determining behavior in a given area; (3) rules that are abstracted from behavior through analysis. It is suggested that type 2 and 3 rules are applicable to American kinship whereas type 1 rules tend not to be applicable. It is also maintained that explanations in terms of type 3 rules are preferable to explanations in terms of type 2 rules.The applicability of type 3 rules is shown in relation to the extension of exogamy in American kinship. Data on the extension of exogamy are correlated with variables relating to the intensity of interaction with relatives and it is demonstrated that exogamy in America is determined by the general principle applicable to most human groups that the extension of exogamy is directly proportional to the intensity of interaction with relatives. The correlations (gammas) with one exception are all in the predicted directions ranging from .093 to .573 and P values range from>.90 to>.01.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.2307/2574330

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1964

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The social psychological experiment is seen as a system of experimenters and subjects, instead of the classical experimental model of introduction of single variables into a controlled situation. The experiment is a special kind of interpersonal system, very similar to that described as play, namely separate in time and space, uncertain, unproductive, free and governed by rules and make believe. Methodological difficulties occur because experimenters and subjects do not play the same game and because of the overlap of the game system with the part of the subject's life situation. Several studies are described which investigate the effects of the difficulties in taking the subject role. One study showed the different meanings of volunteering for an experiment for men and women. Another set of experiments showed, through physiological measures, the meaning of different phases of the experiment for the subject. Examination of these methodological studies shows the gain for the understanding of experimental results through the use of the play model.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.2307/2574331

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1964

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Regardless of one's field of interest within sociology (or social anthropology or social psychology), studies which explicitly and systematically compare data from two or more societies can make distinctive contributions to theory. Four of these contributions are: (1) tobroadenthe range of variation in variables, thereby requiring theory to explain more than it has heretofore; (2) toreplicatestudies done in one society in other, similar societies; (3) togeneralizepropositions from one type of society to other types of societies; and (4) tospecifyapparently discrepant findings from different societies by developing new propositions which account for the originally discrepant findings. A number of comparative studies, drawn from the several hundred published since 1950, and distributed through a wide variety of sub-fields of sociology, are codified in terms of these four kinds of contributions that comparative analysis can make to sociological theory.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.2307/2574332

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1964

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

We have been able to identify in this study a significant source of instrument error in one of the traditionally used question formats of prejudice research. Moreover, we have shown that such errors are specific to certain item contents and to certain answer options. Further, we have demonstrated that qualified answer options can evoke meaningful and circumspect usage; and that respondents are more dissatisfied with the forced response format than the qualified response format. While this study cannot provide a precise estimate of the magnitude of instrument errors, it does appear that the forced response format overstates the degree of acceptance of prejudiced statements. Given the only moderate correlations that have been obtained between most measures of prejudice and other variables, it is clear that the magnitude of the differences observed in this study is sufficient to radically alter such correlations.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.2307/2574333

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1964

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Five comparable major decisions in two small New York communities were selected for detailed study resulting in a list of community decision-makers. This is compared with lists of reputed leaders in each community based on nominations by these decision participants and leaders of voluntary associations. The communities were similar in terms of size, range of community facilities, and major problems faced, and differed most in political and socioeconomic complexion. In both cases political-governmental officials were key leaders. but overlap between the lists in one community was the result of hyper-activity of a few in all decisions studied, while in the other community it was the result of limited decision participation by many. Voluntary organization leaders also were found to differ from decision-makers in their perception of reputed leaders in one community. These differences are attributed primarily to differences in the economic structure of the two communities.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.2307/2574334

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1964

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Five hypotheses are derived from theories about the inmate social organization of prisons. Interview and record data are gathered in a hospital serving imprisoned narcotic addicts. A Guttman scale is constructed, and associations are measured. The results generally affirm that a prison code is an institutional product expressive of the norms of a prisoner social organization, which serves to help inmates overcome the deprivations of prison living. Evidence also indicates that individual ties to the outside community, as well as individual expectations of possible legitimate rehabilitation, affect the solidarity of that prison social group.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.2307/2574335

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1964

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The purpose of this study is to describe and interpret the ecology of mortality in a metropolitan area in terms of the structure of population aggregates. Explanations for both the statistical distribution of mortality rates and the processes by which individuals become mortality cases are considered. The data are analyzed according to socioeconomic status, Shevky-Bell social rank and family status, geographical mobility, racial status, and residential conditions. Several hypotheses are suggested in interpretation of the research findings, based on (1) social change, (2) population drift, (3) genetic inheritance, (4) interaction problems, (5) cultural differences, (6) differentials in medical assistance, (7) adoption of the sick role, and (8) societal reaction. Finally, it is suggested that the pursual of a dual research strategy of rates and individual behavior will ensure a more integrated and comprehensive sociological theory of mortality.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.2307/2574336

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1964

数据来源: OUP