摘要:

Lenski's (1966) theory of the origin of social stratification suggests that economic surplus resulting primarily from technological but also from environmental factors generates demographic, productive, and political patterns of organization that, in turn, determine the extent of wealth inequality. Tested with quantified ethnographic data from nearly all indigenous North American tribes, Lenski's theory was generally supported. The posited causes and effects of the crucial variable of surplus were confirmed, but some anomalous findings emerged. Environment was as important as technology in generating surplus, and material inequality was more a precondition for political inequality than vice versa.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/72.2.295

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1993

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This article uses time-series analysis to examine development patterns in South Korea, a country that has realized dramatic economic growth over the last several decades. We show that (1) arguments associated with classical dependency and dependent development theory must be modified substantially when applied to Korea; (2) the Korean state has been an important actor in the country's economic success, closely regulating direct foreign investment but strongly encouraging foreign trade; and (3) foreign trade and foreign loans have facilitated economic growth throughout the Korean economy, whereas the capital outflow associated with direct foreign investment continues to impede expansion. Overall, we conclude that Korea has experienced a form of “dependent development” that relies heavily on international trade (especially exports), a strong national state, and local business. This pattern is in contrast to Latin American dependent development, which places a heavy emphasis on direct foreign investment.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/72.2.315

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1993

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Theories of Third World education offer different views on the role and strength of the state, and several scholars argue that Third World states are too weak and “fragile” to implement development programs for education, health, and other areas. This case study of Kenya examines the national education structure and its relationship to different types of development The analysis (based on detailed district-level data) shows that government-sponsored education is not extensive enough to affect comprehensive national development By contrast, nongovernment “self-help” secondary education is strongly associated with lower child mortality and other types of development Local communities pool their financial and labor resources to build and operate secondary schools, efforts that are sometimes organized around ethnicity. However, self-help efforts are not as effective in eradicating tropical disease or other serious health problems, which require substantial technology and financial resources.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/72.2.347

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1993

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

For many years, social scientists have reported that southerners express lower levels of tolerance vis-à-vis unpopular groups than nonsoutherners. Some researchers have suggested that these widely observed regional variations are due to the prominence of fundamentalist Protestantism in the South. In analyses of data from the 1988 General Social Survey, however, this hypothesis receives only partial support. Substantial regional differences in tolerance of left-wing groups, including communists, atheists, and homosexuals, persist despite controls for a range of religious variables. We suggest that future research on regional differences in public attitudes should consider contextual as well as individual religious factors.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/72.2.379

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1993

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Data derived from the General Social Surveys (GSS, 1973—84: and 1973—90) are analyzed using Goodman's loglinear mobility data techniques to assess assertions of Roof and McKinney (1987) regarding the switching of affiliation among “families” (conservative, moderate, or liberal) of Protestant denominations. Their claim that switching has increased in recent years is contradicted by results showing a statistically significant decline in switching incidence over time. The general notion of Protestant volatility is contradicted by a summary comparison with other religious groups in the GSS and is shown to be due to theoretical distortions caused by the use of Protestant subcategories in switching research. From the acceptable fit of a distance model to the data, it is argued that switching behavior within Protestantism demonstrates coherence rather than volatility.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/72.2.399

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1993

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This article analyzes some inconsistent or puzzling observations in the data derived from the new approach to measuring ethnicity first used in the 1980 census. These puzzles include the simplification of children's origins by parents who each have a different single ethnic origin, inconsistencies in the ethnic origins that parents ascribe to their children, and changes in the pattern of ancestry responses across the life span of individuals. Through careful analysis of the pattern of reporting of ethnic ancestry, we explore whether these puzzles are due to technical inadequacies of census design or to true substantive changes in the conceptualization of ethnic origin among whites in the U.S. For those changes we determine to be primarily substantive, we explore the social forces shaping the observed changes and some of the consequences of these changes for the size and composition of ethnic ancestry groups in the U.S. We also outline the implications of some of these changes for future empirical research and theorizing on ethnicity.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/72.2.421

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1993

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This article presents the results of an experiment carried out in Brazil to test the consequences of ignoring or overriding the distinctive features of the cognitive system by which Brazilians express their “race-color” identities.{su1} The experiment consisted of substituting a salient vernacular term(morena)for the seldom-used term(parda)that the Brazilian census offers as self-identification for a person who has both black and white color-race features. When morena is offered in a split census, the proportion of respondents who self-identify as being of mixed color-race substantially increases while the proportion identifying as white or black substantially declines. These findings expose the error of imposing upon the rest of the hemisphere rigid dichotomous (white/non-white) or trichotomous (white/mixed/black) categories deemed appropriate for establishing racial identity in the U.S.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/72.2.451

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1993

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

We examine the relationship of testosterone to tendencies to marry and divorce, and to the quality of marriage, of a large representative sample of men. The analysis shows that men producing more testosterone are less likely to marry and more likely to divorce. Once married they are more likely to leave home because of troubled marital relations, extramarital sex, hitting or throwing things at their spouses, and experiencing a lower quality of marital interaction. Sociological models that might be informed by this finding are examined, and its implications for subsequent research are discussed.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/72.2.463

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1993

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This article examines the effects of neighborhood, family, and individual characteristics on teenage males' premarital sexual and contraceptive behaviors and on their experiences with pregnancy or fatherhood, using data from the 1988 National Survey of Adolescent Males and the 1980 census. It also systematically compares the effects of related personal and neighborhood traits in multilevel analysis, including employment, income, education, welfare receipt, family composition, and race/ethnicity. Young men who worked more hours were more sexually active and also were more likely to have made someone pregnant. However, higher neighborhood unemployment rates were also independently associated with greater risk of impregnation. Thus, greater financial resources at the personal level may enable teenage males to attract more partners and, therefore, may heighten their risk of impregnating someone, while more limited economic opportunities at the community level may also heighten the risks of paternity.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/72.2.479

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1993

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

We assess the similarity between marital partners on the use of illegal drugs prior to marriage and within the most recent year of marriage, and the dynamic processes underlying observed similarity. Similarity after marriage may result from assortative mating or socialization or both. Concordant and discordant patterns of drug use at each time between spouses/partners in a sample of 545 pairs (age husbands = 30,age wives = 28) are cross-tabulated to generate a 16-fold table. Similarity at one point in time and selection and socialization effects underlying change aver time are estimated without controls for population heterogeneity through loglinear models, and with controls for heterogeneity through latent trait models. While there is evidence for assortative mating, the socialization effect documented by the loglinear models disappears in the latent trait models.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/72.2.505

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1993

数据来源: OUP