摘要:

AbstractDilutions of human sera containing between 103and 105chimpanzee infectious doses of hepatitis B virus per ml, subtype adr or ayw, were treated with either 1 m̈g/ml pepsin at pH 2.0 for 18 hours, 8 M urea for four hours, or 1:4,000 formalin for 72 hours. One ml of the serum containing hepatitis B virus subjected to each of the procedures was inoculated intravenously into one or two susceptible chimpanzees (total of eight chimpanzees). No evidence of hepatitis B infection was detected in weekly serum samples from the chimpanzees during six months of observation. These three procedures are currently applied during manufacture to inactivate HBV which might be present in the hepatitis B vaccine licensed in the United States. The data from this study combined with data documenting that the physical purification of the vaccine is capable of removing hepatitis B virus provide assurance that there is no residual live hepatitis B virus in the vaccine

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890110102

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAn enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed based on sera from patients convalescent from non‐A, non‐B hepatitis and haemophilia A patients who had been frequently treated with commercial blood products. Using this ELISA, an antigen was detected which appears to be related to non‐A, non‐B hepatitis. The antigen is provisionally designated as DS‐antigen (DS‐Ag). The serum of another patient with haemophilia A, which was strongly positive for the DS‐Ag, caused a typical case of non‐A, non‐B hepatitis in a chimpanzee. DS‐Ag could be detected in the serum of the chimpanzee during the acute phase of the infection.The ELISA for DS‐Ag reacted with neither hepatitis A or B virus antigens, nor Epstein‐Barr virus or cytomegalovirus. The assay was provisionally evaluated using sera from different groups of patients. Out of 17 patients with posttransfusion hepatitis non‐A, non‐B, 11 were found positive in the ELISA for DS‐Ag (65%).As expected, a relatively high prevalence of DS‐Ag (9%) was found in patients with haemophilia, who are regularly treated with blood‐clotting factor‐concentrates. Antibodies to DS‐Ag were found in 48% of these patients. The DS‐Ag was found in 8 of 1400 (0.6%) volunteer blood donors, and antibody to DS‐Ag in 3% of the sera. Remarkably, a high incidence (41%) of antibodies to DS‐Ag was found in prostitutes, suggesting that this antigen may be transmitted by a sexual route.The DS‐Ag was pelleted by ultracentrifugation for four hours at 100,000g and was found to have a

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890110103

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe ability of different strains of a single virus type to produce different pathogenic expressions is well documented within the picornavirus group. Coxsackievirus, group B, type 4 (CB4) has been associated with viral‐induced diabetes in man, but expression of its potential to induce diabetes in experimental animals is variable. Evidence is presented here for one of the primary sources of this variability that could explain resulting contradictory reports offered in support or rejection of its diabetogenic potential. C57B1/6 and SWR mice were infected with the Edwards isolate of CB4 (CB4‐Edw) and three of its plaque‐purified virion “strains.” These were designated Edwards isolate‐1 (E1), E2, and E3. CB4‐Edw, E1, E2, and E3 were serologically similar by infectivity neutralization tests, had identical plaque morphology, and replicated to a similar level in the pancreas. The most profound difference was the level of virus antigen accumulation in the islet cells as determined by immunoperoxidase localization. CB4‐Edw had moderate antigen accumulation in most islet cells of SWR mice but was restricted to only a few specific cells within the periphery islets of C57B1/6 mice. Unlike CB4‐Edw all three new isolates accumulated antigen in most islet cells of both mouse strains. Virus isolate (strain) E2 showed the most intense accumulation in islet cells. These observations suggest that the Edwards isolate of CB4, like other human isolates of CB4 virus, probably exists as a heterogenous population of virion strains. The pathogenic consequences and expression of any diabetogenic potential is, therefore, dependent on virus strain selection. This diversity must be considered when evaluating the pathogenic nature of CB4 viruses in experimental animals and the possible role of the viruses i

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890110104

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe relative prevalence of human rotavirus subgroups was studied during a 3‐year period (1978–1981) by means of a sensitive complement fixation technique. Among 93 rotavirus isolates from children with acute gastroenteritis in Brussels, the prevalence of subgroups 1, 2, and 3 was, respectively 24, 17, and 32%. The remaining 27% of strains could not be typed, but no evidence for the existence of any new subgroup was found. The proportion of strains belonging to the different subgroups remained roughly constant during the study period, showing the simultaneous occurrence of the various subgroups of viruses, even during the annual winter peak of rotavirus gastroenteri

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890110105

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractRotaviruses isolated from 22 patients during a local outbreak of infantile gastroenteritis in October/November 1981 were genotyped by establishing their RNA migration patterns on polyacrylamide gels. A highly sensitive silver staining procedure was used to visualize the RNAs. It was found that strains with at least four different RNA patterns cocirculated and also showed serological differences.

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890110106

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe seroepidemiology of the human syncytial virus has been investigated by means of an indirect immunofluorescence test on 113 sera from normal antenatal women in Nigeria and 233 sera from normal individuals of both sexes and all ages in the Ivory Coast. It was found that 3.5% of samples from Nigeria and 19.7% of those from the Ivory Coast were positive. The findings are discussed.

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890110107

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA DNA hybridization assay was used to detect hepatitis B virus (HBV)‐specific DNA sequences in extracted sera obtained from chimpanzees infected with HBV, hepatitis A virus (HAV), and a factor VIII‐derived non‐A/non‐B (NANB) agent. The results did not reveal any HBV‐DNA homology with sera obtained from animals infected with HAV or factor VIII‐derived NANB. Sera obtained from two HBV‐infected chimpanzees demonstrated that HBV‐specific DNA could be detected during the acute phase of the disease. In addition, an HBV‐specific DNA‐dependent DNA polymerase assay did not demonstrate any statistically significant activity in 12 of 12 NANB acute‐phase specimens or in 6 of 6 NANB chronic‐phase specimens. These results suggest that the factor VIII‐derived NANB

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890110108

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA commercial trivalent formol‐inactivated influenza vaccine (Gripax) was tested. The vaccine consisted of equal amounts of A/England/321/77 (H3N2), B/Hong Kong/8/73, and A/USSR/99/177 (H1N1) strains.One hundred four females were injected intramuscularly. Eighty‐eight (74.6%) were 17–24 yr old and 16 (15.4%) were 29–45 yr old. Seventy subjects were immunized with 1,200 IU, 24 with 1,680 IU, and 10 with 2,400 IU.A follow‐up for adverse side effects was carried out during 72 hr following vaccination. There was no absence from work or school, nor did the subjects develop any systemic symptoms (fever and malaise). Local reactogenic effects were minor and included painless erythema and induration of low degree, which were observed in small numbers of the recipients and lasted for no more than 24–48 hr. Localized, axillary lymphadenopathy was noted in one subject.Seventy‐four paired sera samples were tested for hemagglutination inhibition (HI) response. A highly reactive response to A/England and B/Hong Kong strains was observed, as evidenced by an at‐least fourfold increase of titers. There was no significant change when a dose of 400 IU or more was given: An 83.6% and 89.4% response was, respectively, recorded for A/England and 69.0% and 73.6%, respectively, for B/Hong Kong. However, when the dose of A/USSR was increased, the response was significantly elevated from 56.0 to 84.2%. All the sera tested for neuraminidase inhibition antibody showed a satisfactory response.Regardless of the dose, a single administration of the vaccine sufficed to confer a high degree of immunity against the “old” circulating strains: 94–100% against A/England and 79–90.9% against B/Hong Kong. Immunization with 400 IU of the recent strain A/USSR conferred immunity in 50.9% of the cases, whilc the administration of a dose equal to or larger than 560 IU elicited a far higher rate of immunity‐89.4%. The high quality of the vaccine is evidenced by the conversion rate from nonimmune to the immune state, as well as by the lack of

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890110109

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe effects of simultaneous inoculation with two attenuated influenza A viruses was studied in ferrets and volunteers. Groups of ferrets were inoculated with an influenza A (H3N2) or (H1N1), virus or a combination of both viruses: The temperature response, serum and local antibody response, and the change in nasal wash protein concentration was determined. The results showed that both viruses were attenuated for ferrets, and that inoculation with both viruses together did not cause clinical reactions. Serological studies on paired serum samples obtained from ferrets showed that both viruses when given separately infected all the inoculated animals; however, dual infection resulted in all ferrets being infected with the influenza A (H3N2) virus strain, but this infection interfered with infection by the influenza A (H1N1) strain. Similar investigations were carried out in volunteers. Again, the clinical reactions and temperature response of volunteers to infection by one or other of the viruses showed both strains to be attenuated for man even when given together. In addition, no adverse clinical reactions were seen in volunteers inoculated with both viruses simultaneously. Serum antibody studies showed that infection by influenza A (H1N1) virus interfered with infection by the influenza A (H2N2) virus strain. These results show evidence of interference by influenza A viruses; however, the direction of interference was one‐way, and differed for ferrets and for volunteer

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890110110

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890110111

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY