摘要:

AbstractAlthough hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been closely associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), no serologic markers of HBV can be found in up to 11% of HCC patients in developing countries and up to 68% of HCC patients in industrialized countries. Despite the absence of HBV serologic markers in these HCC patients, HBV DNA sequences have been found to be integrated into HCC DNA in 13–100% of these patients, indicating a possible role of HBV in the etiology of their HCC. Although six patients with chronic non‐A, non‐B hepatitis virus infection who were followed have been documented to develop HCC, it is not known whether the non‐A, non‐B hepatitis viruses cause or contribute to the development of HCC in some HCC patients without HBV serologic markers. Ethanol, cigarette smoking, oral contraceptives, and aflatoxin also have been suggested as possible etiologies and should be studied further. Suggested etiologies that are not supported by the published data include alpha‐1‐antitrypsin deficiency and sc

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890270102

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAn assay based on inhibition of cytopathic effect of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) strains in Molt 4 cells was developed to quantitate neutralizing antibodies (NA) in sera of HIV‐infected individuals. The assay was specific and gave results comparable to those obtained by the inhibition of immunofluorescence (IFI) and reverse transcriptase (RT) activity. Attempts were made to correlate the presence and the antibody titres with the clinical status of HIV‐infected individuals classified according to Walter Reed staging classification scheme. NA titres correlated inversely with the stage of HIV infection: Compared with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients, HIV‐infected subjects at stage WR1 had significantly higher NA titres. Moreover, a decrease in NA titre in relation to clinical deterioration was noted in sequential sera of eight of 11 AIDS patients, retrospectively examined, for NA. The symptomless subjects showed either the same level of NA or a trend towards an increasing antibody titre with time. Different isolates of HIV strains showed a variability in the extent of sensitivity to neutralization by sera obtained from different HIV‐infected indi

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890270103

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractImmune responses to individual simian rotavirus (SA 11) structural polypeptides were studied with emphasis on specific IgG, IgM, and IgA in paired sera from four children with rotavirus infections. Responses to simian rotavirus (SA 11) were also studied in 103 healthy children, 10 patients with primary immunodeficiency who received intravenous immunoglobulin, and 11 human immunodeficiency virus antibody‐positive patients.All samples were immunoblotted for two major polypeptides—VP2 and VP6—of IgG. Immunoblotted IgA and IgM were elevated 2–4 weeks after the onset of the disease (stage II) in patients with rotavirus infection. Immunoblotted IgG remained almost the same at the onset of the disease and stage II.The scores for primary and secondary immunodeficiency patients were lower than for healthy children. The score obtained by totaling all polypeptides found in each individual was compared with the optical density (OD) value obtained by enzyme immu

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890270104

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe susceptibility to HIV infection of 14 B‐cell lines established from five healthy HIV seronegative and from six HIV seropositive subjects by lymphocyte transformation with EBV and/or by lymphocyte cultivation with cyclosporin A was studied. Although the cell lines contained different proportions of CD4‐positive cells, as shown by flow cytometry, all of them could be infected with the SF‐2 strain of HIV. Infection was blocked by a monoclonal antibody directed against the viral attachment site of the CD4 molecule, even in a line that lacked demonstrable CD4 receptors. B‐cell lines with high proportions of CD4‐expressing cells produced HIV p24 antigen more rapidly and at higher concentrations than cell lines with low CD4 expression. Although HIV infection resulted in some cytopathic effects, it was possible to cultivate the infected cells for more than 8 months without refeeding the cultures with uninfected cells. Even in long‐term cultures, there was a continuous production of infectious HIV, as detected by transfer of culture supernatants to other susceptible cell lines. The production of viral antigens was consistently more pronounced in the B‐cell line with the highest CD4 positivity than it was in a permissive T‐cell line (HUT‐78) infected in the same manner. These results indicate that HIV can chronically and productively infect transformed B cells via interaction with CD4 molecules. Thus it is possible that B cells may constitute a source of infectious virus in HIV‐infected EBV

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890270105

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractInfluenza type A nucleoprotein (NP) derived from the full length cloned gene expressed inE. coliwas evaluated in a solid phase enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for detection of human antibody to influenza. Monoclonal antibody to human IgG was used for detection. Direct and indirect assays were developed and sera were tested in serial and single dilution formats. Preliminary results indicated that recombinantand virion‐derived NP antigens were comparable in binding ability to plastic and binding human antibody. Eighty‐seven paired sera from influenza patients were tested. The most sensitive assay (indirect‐serial dilution) detected 56 (64%) rises and the simplest assay (direct‐single dilution) detected 43 (49%) rises, compared to 36 (41%) for complement fixation. Paired sera from 18 control patients showed no evidence of antibody rises by any of the assays. Forty‐nine paired sera from influenza B infected patients were negative for antibody rises except for one borderline rise by the indirect‐serial dilution assay. These results indicate that the use of recombinant DNA derived nucleoprotein for immunoassay is feasible. The sensitivity of immunoassays using NP adsorbed to the solid phase and monoclonal antibody specific for human IgG to detect bound antibody exceeded that of conventional complement fixation testing for establishing serologic evidence of influenza type

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890270106

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe size of the hepatitis delta virus was determined by filtration of infectious plasma through polycarbonate membranes and the inoculation of filtrates into chimpanzees. Chimpanzees inoculated with filtrates of 50 nm and 30 nm, but not 15 nm filters, developed delta hepatitis. The minimum size of infectious hepatitis delta virus was estimated to be approximately 30 nm, which is consistent with measurements of particles thought to be the virus.

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890270107

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAll etiologies of acute viral hepatitis are associated with a transient suppression of hemopoiesis and, rarely, with the development of aplastic anemia. Both hepatitis A and hepatitis B viruses directly inhibit the growth and differentiation of human bone marrow progenitor cells in vitro. We now report a similar effect of a non‐A, non‐B (NANB) hepatitis agent on human bone marrow progenitor cells. Three chimpanzees were inoculated with a putative NANB agent. Coded sera were blindly evaluated for their ability to affect human bone marrow colony formation in vitro. Sera obtained during the acute phase of NANB hepatitis inhibited the in vitro growth of human erythroid (CFU‐E, BFU‐E) and granulocyte‐macrophage (CFU‐GM) progenitor cells, compared with sera obtained before inoculation. Sera obtained after remission of both the biochemical and histological hepatitis and sera obtained from a chimpanzee who underwent biochemical but not histological remission did not inhibit the stem cell assays as much as the acute phase sera. These results suggest an approach to identifying the viremic phase of NANB hepatitis. Inhibition of human bone marrow proliferation appears to be a common property of all known hepati

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890270108

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSuppressor T‐cell activity and allogeneic T‐cell response to concanavalin A (ConA) were investigated in 46 patients chronically infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV). Thirty‐eight patients had chronic active hepatitis, seven of whom were superinfected with Delta virus, and eight were healthy chronic HBV carriers. T‐cell suppressor activity was in the normal range in healthy carriers and in patients negative for serum HBV‐DNA, independent of the e antigen status. In contrast, the group of patients positive for HBV‐DNA exhibited a significant reduction in suppressor activity. Longitudinal studies in patients who cleared serum HBV‐DNA demonstrated that suppressor T‐cell activity became normal thereafter. These results suggest a relationship between suppressor T‐cell function and the stage of viral replication in individuals with chro

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890270109

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSince viral infection is in most cases contrary to the survival of the host cell, it is reasonable to assume that cells possess innate viral replication inhibitory mechanisms. Even between strains of permissive cells, degrees of permissiveness are observed. Restriction to human cytomegalovirus (CMV) replication in vitro is well known, especially in epithelioid cells or cells derived from certain organs. We have studied restriction in a fibroblastic strain of human embryonic kidney cells. By treatment of cell cultures with maximum physiologic concentration of the hormone cortisol (25 μg%) both pre and post virus inoculation, susceptibility to laboratory strain Ad169 CMV and low‐passaged clinical isolate JSS CMV was enhanced by factors of 6.4 ± 0.7 and 11.1 ± 0.4, respectively; effectively converting these cells to a totally permissive state. A linear dose response, which peaks at 25 μg% and declines thereafter up to 300 μg%, is evident for both virus strains in this enhancement system. Breakdown of restriction increases in linear fashion with increasing time of cortisol pretreatment of cells. The characterization of cortisol effects converting restrictive human fetal cells in vitro to the permissive state further indicates that human hormones may play a significant role in CMV susceptibility i

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890270110

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractHorizontal transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) from illicit drug users to their contacts, including young children, can be prevented by active immunization against HBV. Yeast‐recombinant hepatitis B vaccines are now available for this purpose, but their potential efficacy in such high‐risk contacts has not yet been evaluated. Therefore we gave 20 mcg of a recombinant yeast‐derived hepatitis B vaccine to 38 children who were at high risk for HBV infection because they had been institutionalized in a community for drug users in which 8.7% of the occupants are carriers. After third dose of vaccine (at 0, 1, and 6 months), all children had anti‐HBs responses with titers of 10 mlU/ml or more, with 81% showing responses greater than 1,000 mlU/ml. At 12 months, the percentage of anti‐HBs‐positive children was 100%, and the percentage of children with anti‐HBs higher than 1,000 mlU/ml was 56%. None of the children developed HBV infection during follow‐up. Hence the recombinant vaccine was immunogenic, with percentages of seroconversion and anti‐HBs titers comparable with those attained in other categories of high‐risk children with plas

ISSN:0146-6615    

DOI:10.1002/jmv.1890270111

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY