摘要:

ABSTRACTThe failure of a free market system to attain socially optimal allocation of resources to research and development (R&D) is a generally recognized problem. However, we are just beginning to understand the types of R&D activities that receive relatively serious underinvestment from specific types of industries and the types of governmental intervention strategies that are likely to be effective and efficient in the correction of that underinvestment. Recently, Joglekar and Hamburg [16] [17]sought answers to these types of questions using models of the resource allocation behavior of firms considering investment in basic research related to their industry. It was assumed that the firms' benefits were exponentially distributed. In the present article, such benefits are assumed to be normally distributed, and an attempt is made to verify the earlier conclusions and policy implications of [16] and [17]. The results are similar for these two substantially different types of distribution, but the earlier conclusions and policy implications are clarified, qualified, and extended.

ISSN:0011-7315    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-5915.1987.tb01500.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe formulation of the classic economic production quantity (EPQ) model is extended to include setup cost as a function of capital expense. Additional capital will buy reduced setup cost. Thus, the objective now is to balance holding, setup, and capital expenses.This new formulation is solved under conditions where setup cost varies exponentially and linearly as a function of capital expense. Decision rules are formulated to indicate under what conditions setup cost reduction reduces total cost. For the linear function, it is shown that once the decision to reduce setup cost is justified, the optimal choice is the minimum setup cost that is technologically feasible.

ISSN:0011-7315    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-5915.1987.tb01501.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is a decision analysis technique that uses judgments from a group of relevant decision makers and hierarchical decomposition to derive a set of ratio‐scaled utility measures for decision alternatives. This paper addresses a number of design issues involved in the implementation of AHP for large‐scale systems. Specifically, it describes the use of incomplete experimental designs for simplifying data‐collection tasks. The effects of reducing the size of the hierarchy through attribute deletion and the effects of including identical attributes on any given level also are eval

ISSN:0011-7315    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-5915.1987.tb01502.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTTwo different decision‐making exercises are compared with unit weights and with traditional Likert scales as measures of second‐level valences in expectancy theory. Second‐level valences are measured across different levels of outcomes in each exercise and compared to the traditional subjective‐ and unit‐weight measures. In the first experiment, the job‐preference decisions of 21 undergraduates are examined using a decision‐making exercise involving 24 hypothetical jobs described in terms of three intrinsic instrumentalities at two levels. In the second experiment, a different 21 undergraduates make job‐preference decisions in a decision‐making exercise involving 27 hypothetical jobs described in terms of three extrinsic instrumentalities at three levels. The β‐weight (standardized regression coefficient) measures of the second‐level valences are found to be more powerful predictors of job‐preference decisions than either subjective‐weight or unit‐weight measures, both before and after shrinkage. They also had higher cross validations, exhibited higher test‐retest reliability, and allowed testing of a quadratic motivational effe

ISSN:0011-7315    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-5915.1987.tb01503.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTAltough the dual resource‐constrained (DRC) system has been studied, the decision rule used to determine when workers are eligible for transfer largely has been ignored. Some earlier studies examined the impact of this rule [5] [12][15] but did not include labor‐transfer times in their models. Gunther [6]incorporated labour‐transfer times into his model, but the model involved only one worker and two machines. No previous study has examined decision rules that initiate labor transfers based on labor needs (“pull” rules). Labor transfers always have been initiated based on lack of need (“push” rules).This study examines three “pull” variations of the “When” labor‐assignment decision rule. It compares their performances to the performances of two “push” rules and a comparable machine‐limited system. A nonparametric statistical test, Jonckheere'sSstatistic, is used to test for significance of the rankings of the rules: a robust parametric multiple‐comparison statistical test, Tukey'sBstatistic, is used to test the differences.One “pull” and one “push” decision rule provide similar performances and top the rankings consistently. Decision rules for determining when labor should be transferred from one work area to another are valuable aids for managers. This especially is true for the ever‐increasing number of managers operating in organizations that recognize the benefits of a cross‐trained work force. Recently there has been much interest in cross‐training workers, perhaps because one of the mechanisms used in just‐in‐time systems to handle unbalanced work loads is to have cross‐trained workers who can be shifted as demand dictates [8]. If management is to take full advantage of a cross‐trained

ISSN:0011-7315    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-5915.1987.tb01504.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTIn the increasingly competitive services sector, utilization of the labor force can make the difference between profits or losses. Until recently, service operations managers had a limited set of tools, most of them computer‐based, for scheduling labor. This paper offers a manual heuristic for labor scheduling that outperforms traditional algorithmic solution approaches.Specifically, this study examines the problem of scheduling employees in service delivery system subject to demand variability. The manual heuristic proposed asigns full‐time empolyees to weekly work schedules with the objective of minimizing the total number of labor hours scheduled. The performance of the manual heuristic is compared to the classical algorithmic solution and to a lower bound for a variety of demand distributions and system operating conditions. The heuristic is shown to produce a smaller work force than the classical approach in 106 of the 108 demand‐operating condition patterns exa

ISSN:0011-7315    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-5915.1987.tb01505.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe concept of materiality pervades the audit process. Typically, materiality is determined as a percentage of the total book value of an account or as a percentage of net income. We propose an economically based model that determines that materiality level which minimizes the economic consequences of the audit decision. The proposed model is examined for materiality sensitivity to prior information concerning the quality of the accounting process and to costs incurred as a consequence of the audit decision.

ISSN:0011-7315    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-5915.1987.tb01506.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTOne of the more difficult but intriguing problems in the tax field is the decision of when (and how) to settle tax disputes with the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and when (and how) to litigate. Research in this area of decision making is limited and has concentrated on the probability of winning in the judicial system. This paper examines the tax litigation decision for suits in the Small Claims Division of the U.S. Tax Court. Four examples are presented which involve varying degrees of information regarding the likelihood of a settlement and differing risk attitudes. The maximum amount the taxpayer should be willing to spend in pursuing litigation is derived for each case.

ISSN:0011-7315    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-5915.1987.tb01507.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe use of information channels by individuals in organizations is substantially discretionary. Although much studied, variation in patterns of discretionary use has yet to be explained adequately in terms of an accepted integrative theory validated across varieties of channel types and organizational settings. In a step toward the development of such a theory, the present paper proposes a basic channel‐disposition model that relates an individual's attitude or disposition toward a channel to his/her actual use of the channel in the context of information and channel supply‐and‐demand structures in the organization. An exploratory study of the dispositions of 186 users of ten management information system (MIS) reports in four organizational settings provides limited evidence in support of the model pro

ISSN:0011-7315    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-5915.1987.tb01508.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0011-7315    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-5915.1987.tb01509.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY