摘要:

Follow-up interview data for 1,155 opioid addicts showed that about three-fourths of the sample reported some criminal behavior during a 4-year period after leaving drug abuse treatment. Males had a higher prevalence of“major”crimes (including crimes against persons, robbery, mugging, burglary, theft, or dealing drugs) than did females, while females reported a higher percentage engaged in the so-called“victimless”crimes (primarily based on prostitution or pimping). Criminal behavior was primarily profit-related and strongly associated with drug use, especially opioid drugs. Drug users reported more criminal behavior than nonusers, and criminality and drug use increased and decreased together among persons who showed changes in drug use during the follow-up period.

ISSN:0095-2990    

DOI:10.3109/00952998109016914

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1981

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Urine specimens from methadone treatment clinics were screened for various abused drugs between 1974-1979 by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and immunoassay techniques (IAT). A comparison of the relative incidence of drugs abused reveals that IAT are more sensitive and detect far greater number of subjects abusing drugs than TLC. The results also show a significant abuse of heroin and cocaine during the period studied and a variation of the incidence of other drugs used during the same period. While these patients did not receive benzodiazepenes and tricyclic antidepressants by prescription, their abuse alone and in combination with each other was also found to be widespread. Low levels of PCP and/or its analogs were found in 1978 and 1979. The frequent finding of low levels of PCP in combination with other drugs indicates the availability of this hallucinogen and point to its use in combination with other illicit drugs such as cocaine, amphetamine, and heroin. The suggestion is made that more sensitive analytical methods for drug screening be utilized in methadone monitoring programs, and that other classes of drugs be added than are currently required.

ISSN:0095-2990    

DOI:10.3109/00952998109016915

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1981

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The results of a study of New England college students indicate that in 1977, marijuana and alcohol use among college students was widespread. Nearly all students reported that they drank alcoholic beverages, and more than two-thirds indicated that they had used one or more other drugs within the past year. Of these students, about 60% smoked marijuana, a drug that seems to be related to a student life-style involving the use of alcohol and other“recreational”drugs. Differences between those students who do smoke marijuana and those who abstain are apparently declining as marijuana use becomes more prevalent.

ISSN:0095-2990    

DOI:10.3109/00952998109016916

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1981

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Snowball sampling techniques were used to generate a sample of 200 phencyclidine users from an area with a 10-yeai history of extensive PCP use. Three types of users were studied: heavy chronic, light chronic, and recreational users. The extent of PCP use varied from less than twice a month for a period of 6 months to daily use for several consecutive years. Each subject participated in a structured interview which lasted an average of 1 1/2 h. Subjects were asked about the acute effects of PCP, and about their moods before, during, and after using PCP. Scales based on previous research were used to measure the acute effects and moods. Results showed that heavy chronic users were more likely than recreational users to feel energized by PCP, and to experience negative ideations (thoughts about suicide and death). When age was controlled for, heavy chronic users were also more likely to experience violent effects. Analysis of moods over time showed some similar patterns between heavy chronic and recreational users, as well as some striking differences. Overall, heavy chronic users reported greater mood elevations while high on PCP, and a more dramatic drop in mood after the high wore off, than recreational users. Analysis of the results by user types clarified some of the confusion about contradictory descriptions of the effects of PCP, and point to the need to continue distinguishing between user types.

ISSN:0095-2990    

DOI:10.3109/00952998109016917

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1981

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This study compares self-reports by a sample of 50 opiate addicts with reports of 50“significant other”informants, on past and current functioning. Moderate to high levels of agreement are found using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) in reporting current opiate use, current employment, and current legal pressures. This finding is consistent with previous studies which found good agreement between addicts and informants in these areas. However, much poorer agreement between addicts and informants is found in assessing the severity of addict's social, employment, and psychological problems, and in assessing the more detailed aspects of drug use. A comparison of the percent agreement data with ICC data used in this study provides empirical support for the argument that percent agreement data represents an inflated estimate of concordance between raters. These findings suggest that addicts and their families have rather divergent perceptions of the addict's problems and, in addition, indicate the value of including family members or significant others in the process of evaluating and treating opiate addicts. The results of the statistical analysis underscore the need in reliability studies of rigorous statistics that take into account chance agreement.

ISSN:0095-2990    

DOI:10.3109/00952998109016918

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1981

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Religion is often overlooked as a factor in recovery from chronic opioid dependence. Research on the effectiveness of religious programs is scanty, but three reports in the literature suggest that programs of the Pentecostal type may be particularly effective among Hispanic drug users. In this paper we review the literature and report our own observations of religious program participation among 248 San Antonio addicts, 87% of whom are Hispanic (Mexican-American). In a 12-year period, 11% of the 248 entered religious programs. Although there were only 33 admissions, the percent followed by a year or more of abstinence (44%) markedly exceeded that following conventional treatment or correctional interventions. We conclude that the ability of religious programs to attract large numbers of clients is limited, but that major changes in attitudes and life-style occur among some participants. Successful participation seems to depend upon a special motivational state at admission. Religious programs may be conceived as sociotherapy, and are similar to traditional therapeutic communities and other self-help programs in many ways. We suggest some psychodynamic and sociocultural mechanisms which may explain how religion promotes recovery from chronic drug dependence among Hispanic heroin users.

ISSN:0095-2990    

DOI:10.3109/00952998109016919

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1981

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

In this paper we report on the prediction of mortality, alcohol dependence, and the rate of previously undiagnosed alcoholism in male and female narcotic addicts. These subjects (A' = 200) were initially interviewed upon admission to the Clinical Research Center, National Institute of Mental Health, Lexington, Kentucky, and prospectively followed-up and reinterviewed 5 years later (N= 187). The results indicate that alcoholism and alcohol dependence are very prevalent in this sample of addicts. A history of diagnosable alcoholism obtained at admission was a significant predictor of mortality during the follow-up period whereas a history of heavy drinking was associated with increased mortality but not significantly. About one-half of the males and one-quarter of the females met criteria for alcohol dependence during the follow-up period. Both a prior diagnosis of alcoholism and a history of heavy drinking were significant predictors of episodes of alcohol dependence during the follow-up period. In addition, the proportion of subjects positive for alcoholism increased between two- and threefold during the 5-year period. Finally, a history of heavy drinking at any time within the 4 years immediately prior to admission significantly predicted subsequent episodes during the follow-up period.

ISSN:0095-2990    

DOI:10.3109/00952998109016920

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1981

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Ninety-six male alcoholics were tested before and after a 4-week residential rehabilitation program. One-half of the subjects were residents of a VR treatment center which stressed development of internal controls and the attribution of responsibility to self. The other half were patients at a VA hospital which fostered considerable dependency and reliance on external controls. Change in self-concept was assessed by the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale (TSCS). A Locus of Control of Drinking Behavior Scale (LCDB) was also administered. Positive changes occurred across settings on 9 of 17 self-concept variables. However, there were four variables on which a differential change occurred. These setting-by-treatment interactions are discussed in terms of the treatment philosophy of the two programs.

ISSN:0095-2990    

DOI:10.3109/00952998109016921

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1981

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Research focused on the stigmatizing effects of alcohol-related labels has typically focused on social rejection (usually using a social distance scale). In the present study, affective reactions (or attitudes) were obtained with regard to four labels: alcoholic, problem drinker, recovered alcoholic, and social drinker. These attitudes were compared across four groups: an urban sample, a rural sample, a sample of graduate social work students, and a sample of alcoholics from a detoxification center. The results indicated that labeling persons as alcoholics or problem drinkersmaylead to stigmatization, with the extent of stigmatization a function of the type of social group to which the respondents belonged. In addition, the destigmatization potential of certain labels that are used by self-help groups appeared to be questionable. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for treatment, particularly with respect to the similarities and differences between the alcoholic and the student-practitioner samples.

ISSN:0095-2990    

DOI:10.3109/00952998109016922

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1981

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0095-2990    

DOI:10.3109/00952998109016923

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1981

数据来源: Taylor