摘要:

AbstractClonidine hydrochloride (an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist) and naltrexone hydrochloride (an opioid antagonist), given in combination, provided a safe and effective treatment of abrupt opioid withdrawal over 5 days in an outpatient/day setting. Before starting the clonidine, a naloxone challenge test was used to verify and quantify opioid dependence, and the naloxone challenge test score was then used to determine initial medication doses. Initial naloxone challenge test scores predicted subsequent patient discomfort during the 5-day clonidine-naltrexone protocol. Twelve of 14 (86%) heroin users successfully withdrew from opioids and simultaneously initiated naltrexone maintenance.

ISSN:0095-2990    

DOI:10.3109/00952998709001497

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractA recent 6-month follow-up of methadone maintenance (MM) suggested that addicts supported by public assistance before seeking MM have a globally poor prognosis compared to addicts supported by employment or illegal activities. We therefore examined 2.5-year outcome among addicts prognosticate stratified by three major sources of pretreatment income: employment(n= 48), welfare(n= 46), and criminal activities(n= 57). Significant improvements in substance abuse, family, legal, and psychological problems were reported by all three groups. Furthermore, the welfare group showed the most improvement in medical status and on the Social Adjustment, Maudsley neuroticism, and Beck Depression scales. Thus, the welfare patients did not appear to have a globally poorer prognosis, although they showed the least improvement in employment and legal problems. To examine whether welfare patients on MM had no more than“expected”improvement in legal and employment problems, patients treated with MM (n = 83) were compared to those getting only detoxification (DT) (n = 40). Welfare patients showed no more improvement in these two areas from MM treatment than from DT alone, while at follow-up the“employed”and“criminal”groups had substantially less illegal income and unemployment with MM than with DT alone. Thus, welfare patients may do relatively poorly in some areas when treated on MM.

ISSN:0095-2990    

DOI:10.3109/00952998709001498

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractFive-hundred-sixty-seven heroin addicts admitted to methadone maintenance treatment programs in southern California were included in the present analysis. Systematic comparisons were made between women and men for Anglo and Chicano subpopulations. The behaviors compared focused on initial drug use and other antecedent behaviors during the year prior to initiation of heroin use including interpersonal relationships, other substance use, drug dealing, legal income, and various criminal behaviors. Unlike men, the initial use of heroin by women was highly influenced by a man, especially by a sex partner who is often a daily heroin user. On the other hand, many women (like men) reported self-initiation of heroin use, multiple drug use, and drug dealing, thus demonstrating that they took an active role in their drug involvement. Other differences between men and women for antecedent behaviors prior to narcotics use appear to be related to traditional expectations about gender roles in American society.

ISSN:0095-2990    

DOI:10.3109/00952998709001499

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractSex differences are examined for the period during which addiction develops after initial narcotics use. About 25% of the 546 heroin addicts studied became addicted within 1 month after initial use. More women than men fell into this category, and, on the average, women took less time to become addicted. For the majority of those studied (whose addiction occurred 1 month or longer after initial use), patterns of narcotic use during this phase of the addiction career were not significantly different by sex within Anglo or Chicano groups. Differences between female and male addicts in interpersonal relationships, other substance use, drug dealing, legal employment, and criminal behaviors parallel traditional sex role expectations.

ISSN:0095-2990    

DOI:10.3109/00952998709001500

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractHow positive and negative life events are perceived by drug abusers is nearly unexplored, yet attribution theory specifies ways in which such perceptions might differentiate drug abusers from nonabusers; it also suggests how attributions might relate to treatment effects and to rehabilitation. This study tested attributions about life events by drug abusers and matched controls as the drug abusers first entered residential treatment, and again later during treatment. Attributions about success and failure in treatment were also assessed. Results showed that attribution processes significantly differentiated drug abusers from controls and that those processes were related to ultimate rehabilitation outcome. Ways in which treatment might be made more effective by focusing on attribution processes are suggested.

ISSN:0095-2990    

DOI:10.3109/00952998709001501

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractThis study examines the relationship between drug use by teenagers and older family members living in the same household, using data from the National Survey on Drug Abuse. Drug use by teenagers was found to be correlated with drug use by fathers, mothers, and older siblings, in that teenagers were more likely to be drug users if the older adult was also a drug user. Correlations were significant across different drug types, but the most consistent relationship was between marijuana use by youth and marijuana use by the adult.

ISSN:0095-2990    

DOI:10.3109/00952998709001502

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractThe influence of heroin availability on the aggregate level of use of this drug was investigated for a normal Black cohort (born between 1952 and 1957) who grew up in Harlem (New York City). Data obtained on the second and third waves of a panel study were used to estimate annual rates of heroin initiation and cessation from the mid-1960s through 1983. The aggregated time-series variables indicated that initiation into heroin use was largely confined to adolescence and that cessation rates exhibited substantial year-to-year fluctuations with no apparent relationship to either chronological age or calendar year. Respondents born before 1955, however, had much higher rates of heroin use than those born in later years. Temporal trends in initiation and cessation were uncorrelated with changes in the purity of heroin sold in New York City between 1973 and 1983, suggesting that aggregate levels of heroin use in this sample were little affected by changes in supply. More speculatively, cohort differences in lifetime prevalence may reflect varying availability at the times younger and older cohorts entered adolescence. This possibility could not be directly tested because of the absence of reliable purity data going back sufficiently far in time.

ISSN:0095-2990    

DOI:10.3109/00952998709001503

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractMethods for determination of PCP in body fluids are presented and a rapid screening method is suggested. The demographics, psychiatric profiles, forensic aspects, and diagnostic problems of PCP abuse are discussed.

ISSN:0095-2990    

DOI:10.3109/00952998709001504

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractThe present study was an initial investigation to determine whether differences existed in role-prescribed behaviors between adolescents from alcoholic and nonalcoholic homes. Specifically, the study investigated Black's contention that children of alcoholics adopt one or more of the roles of responsible child, placater, adjuster, and acting-out chid. The Children of Alcoholics Screening Test (CAST) was used to identify responses to parental drinking behavior and the Children of Alcoholics Family Role Instrument (CAFRI) was developed to obtain a measure of subjects' perceptions of role behavior. The independent variable was group membership in either an alcoholic or nonalcoholic family and the dependent variables were the role scores on the CAFRI. Statistical comparisons of differences in individual roles between groups indicated that adolescents from alcoholic families rated themselves higher on the acting-out role with a prominent although nonsignificant tendency to exhibit behaviors characteristic of the placater and adjuster. Apost-hocanalysis demonstrated no significant differences between roles on birth order or age. A significant effect for gender was evidenced on the placater role only, with females rating higher than males. Results are discussed in terms of the influence of a differential self-reported enactment of specific character roles between adolescents from alcoholic and nonalcoholic families.

ISSN:0095-2990    

DOI:10.3109/00952998709001505

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractAdolescent drivers are commonly involved in a variety of dangerous driving situations involving alcohol and drug use. Both situational and personality factors contribute to the adolescent DWI phenomenon. Little is known about young drivers' ability to analyze common potentially dangerous alcohol-involved driving situations, or in what respects differing patterns of analysis differentiate adolescent drivers at risk for DWI. Three groups of adolescent drivers(N= 153) completed an analysis of vignettes questionnaire to assess their decision-making skills and attitudes with respect to drinking and driving. The three comparison groups consisted of high school drivers, young DWI offenders, and juvenile offenders without DWI citations. Subjects were demographically similar except for academic performance, employment, family intactness, car ownership, and drug and alcohol use, with DWI offenders and non-DWI offenders showing significant differences in these measures(p<−001). Situation analysis showed that adolescent DWI offenders more often than controls drink prior to driving(p<. 001), associate alcohol with many social events and dating(p<. 001), become angry when questioned about driving ability(p<. 001), play drinking games(p = A), drive fast to resolve stress(p =. 001), are less likely to recruit parents when faced with driving intoxicated(p<. 001), and a number of other situational characteristics indicating differential risk between groups for DWI. In many cases, other juvenile offenders matched responses of DWI offenders. Important aspects of these findings are discussed in the context of intervention strategies and the use of vignette analysis as one tool to identify high-risk adolescent drivers for DWI.

ISSN:0095-2990    

DOI:10.3109/00952998709001506

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor