摘要:

The abuse of drugs by alcoholics, the abuse of alcohol by drug abusers, the prevalence of alcohol abuse in polydrug clients, and the role of alcohol as a steppingstone are examined quantitatively over the past decade. The increase of drug abuse by alcoholics and the increase of alcohol abuse and alcoholism by polydrug abusers is documented. This is accounted for mainly by an increase of drug abuse in younger and/or female alcoholics. The abuse of alcohol by heroin addicts has also increased, particularly when heroin purity diminishes and when these clients cycle through methadone maintenance. However, much of the alcoholism in these patients began prior to the onset of heroin use and dependence. Methods of treatment modifications necessary to deal with problems presented by these combinations are discussed.

ISSN:0095-2990    

DOI:10.3109/00952998209002607

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1982

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The capacity of the benzodiazepine drugs to produce dependence and addiction has been associated with what has recently been recognized as a benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome. Abrupt discontinuation of benzodiazepine treatment may show a spectrum of symptoms similar to those observed from withdrawal of alcohol or barbiturates. Such reactions have been reported with and are reviewed for the following drugs: chlordiazepoxide, diazepam, oxazepam, lorazepam, nitrazepam, temazepam, and clobazam. Generally, the higher the dose and the longer the benzodiazepine is taken, the greater the risk of developing withdrawal symptoms. However, withdrawal symptoms may occur in patients receiving recommended doses and/or short-term therapy. Although most withdrawal reactions have been reported with the long-acting benzodiazepines having psychoactive metabolites, reactions may also occur with the short-acting agents. In contrast, rebound insomnia occurs with greater frequency and severity with the short-acting agents. Benzodiazepine therapy should be stopped as early as possible, with tapering after moderate dose and/or prolonged use therapy.

ISSN:0095-2990    

DOI:10.3109/00952998209002608

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1982

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Conventional social-science wisdom about the family background of substance abusers breaks down into three hypotheses. The broken home causes substance abuse; overprotective mothers with or without neglectful fathers cause substance abuse; substance abuse is reinforced by the changes it brings about in family interaction. The broken-home hypothesis attributes substance abuse to sheer absence of a parent, usually the father. The overprotective-mother hypothesis emphasizes the effect of indulgent, dominant mother behavior sometimes combined with ineffectual father behavior. The increased-control hypothesis emphasizes the effects of substance abuser, parents, and siblings on one another. Because investigations of these hypotheses are necessarily correlational, existing research on the family backgrounds of substance abusers suffers from methodological flaws characteristic of weak correlational designs. These hypotheses are logical extensions of Freudian theory, early social-learning theory, and revised social-learning theory respectively. Assumptions that pertinent aspects of the more general theories have been upheld by empirical investigation are not justified.

ISSN:0095-2990    

DOI:10.3109/00952998209002609

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1982

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Publications dealing with psychotropic drug use and dependence were analyzed for the years 1960–1980 using the numbers of articles cited in each yearly edition ofCumulated Index Medicus. The following headings were reviewed: drug abuse, drug dependence, alcoholism, smoking, heroin addiction, cannabis, cannabinoids, cocaine, phencyclidine, lysergic acid diethylamide, diazepam, and meprobamate. The number of citations for a given year was used to calculate the percentage of the literature for that year which fell under each of those headings. In general, it appears that the growth of the scientific literature included under many of these headings has been more rapid than the overall growth of the literature.

ISSN:0095-2990    

DOI:10.3109/00952998209002610

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1982

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Alcohol use among methadone maintenance treatment program (MMTP) patients is substantial and a frequent impression is that addicts accelerate their consumption once in MMTP. This study reports an attempt to more clearly define alcohol consumption in opioid dependence as well as changes associated with methadone maintenance therapy. Two-day alcohol consumption (2-day EtOH) data were collected initially and quarterly on participants in a randomized controlled trial of intervention for alcoholism. Blood alcohol levels (BAL) were also determined. 17% of the participants were classified as active alcoholics (AA) and 8% as inactive alcoholics (IA). Two-day EtOH and BAL were significantly higher for AA than AI and nonalcoholics (NA, and AI higher than NA. Two-day EtOH decreased significantly over time for AA, AI, and NA. These findings indicate that AA among narcotic addicts and those on MMTP consume large quantities of EtOH but that consumption decreases with time on MMTP. The results, in confirmation of the work of others, suggest that entry and participation in MMTP has a broader effect than just on the use of narcotic drugs.

ISSN:0095-2990    

DOI:10.3109/00952998209002611

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1982

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The literature on combined treatment has suggested that the attitudes of staff members toward combining treatment for drug and alcohol abusers are important determinants of its success. A survey measuring attitudes thought relevant to the issues of combined treatment was mailed to treatment staff from a nationwide sample of drug, alcohol, and combined treatment agencies. Results indicated that combined treatment staff had more favorable attitudes toward combined treatment than did drug or alcohol staff, and that significant differences existed in the attitudes of drug, alcohol, and combined staff toward drug and alcohol abusers. In addition, it was found that staff background and attitudes toward drug and alcohol abusers were significantly related to attitudes toward combined treatment. Treatment staff who worked at combined treatment agencies and were White were likely to have favorable attitudes toward combined treatment. In terms of attitudes toward drug or alcohol abusers, it was found that staff members who held unfavorable stereotypes or moral views about drug or alcohol abusers tended to be opposed to combined treatment. These empirical results support clinical impressions of combined treatment advocates as reported in the literature. The results are discussed in terms of the relevance of staff attitudes for the effectiveness of combined treatment and for agencies which are considering the initiation of combined treatment.

ISSN:0095-2990    

DOI:10.3109/00952998209002612

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1982

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Alcoholic individuals often are assumed to deny personal responsibility for their alcoholism and to attribute causation to external situational factors. To investigate this assumption, in a 2×2 factorial design 20 alcoholics and 20 nonalcoholics made causal attributions for a recent personal drinking episode and for the audio-taped episode of a target individual who was described as either an alcoholic or a nonalcoholic. Results suggested that alcoholic subjects tended to make greater internal attributions for their own drinking than did nonalcoholic subjects. Subjects' attributions for the target individual depended on both the subjects' and targets' drinking histories. The results are discussed in terms of their relevance to models of alcoholism and to actor-observer differences in causal attributions.

ISSN:0095-2990    

DOI:10.3109/00952998209002613

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1982

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The blood alcohol levels were determined in 100 Los Angeles County homicide victims who died in August 1980. A total of 61% had levels of 0.01% or more. Since this percentage is substantially higher than would be expected for a cross section of the population, it appears that alcohol use is one factor that increases the chances of a person becoming a homicide victim.

ISSN:0095-2990    

DOI:10.3109/00952998209002614

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1982

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0095-2990    

DOI:10.3109/00952998209002615

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1982

数据来源: Taylor