摘要:

Osteoporosis, hypocalcemia and skeletal size reduction are all common correlates of perinatal alcohol exposure. The present study assesses the effects of dietary calcium supplements on reversing perinatal alcohol-induced osteopenia. One hundred and twenty-nine offspring from Fisher 344 rats received 14% v/v alcohol in tap water from conception to weaning or 3 months of age followed by dietary calcium supplements (230 mg/kg/day) to 6 months of age. Significant group effects (p < 0.001) were noted for all 12 dental and skeletal dimensions measured. Results suggest that calcium therapy following perinatal alcohol exposure may ameliorate alcohol-induced osteopenia in exposed offspring.

ISSN:1422-6405    

DOI:10.1159/000147030

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1991

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

In order to study the morphological aspects of endothelial regeneration and vascular wall reaction after microvascular anastomosis, rat femoral arteries were sectioned and successively sutured (end-to-end anastomosis) with microsurgical techniques. Control arteries and anastomosed vessels (recovered after 1, 4, 7, 14, 21, 30, 60, 120, 180 and 360 days) were studied by means of scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The reendothelialization phenomena started after 7 days and were mainly evident at 21 days. Areas of subendothelial connective tissue with fibrin deposition remained exposed to the blood stream up to 21–30 days. Thrombus formations or post-anastomotic stenosis have been occasionally observed. Regenerating endothelium showed evident morphological differences from the control. These changes mainly consisted of shortened cell length, absence of pinocytotic vesicles, presence of cytoplasmic prolongations, and microvillous proliferations. The arterial wall showed subintimal thickening. The anastomotic site appeared completely covered by new endothelium after 30–60 days. Subintimal vascular wall changes (thickening of the media) as well as slight alterations of endothelial cells (shortened length, reduced number of pinocytotic vesicles) were evident in 60-day vessels. Lumen reduction, due to the protruding of endothelial-covered sutures, was occasionally observed in 60- to 120-day arteries. Endothelial cell morphology normalized after 60–120 days. However, thickening of the media and occasional lumen reduction were observed also after 180–360 days. Although the endothelial regeneration phenomena were clearly evident after 2 weeks, nevertheless the reestablishment of arterial wall took longer time. In fact, paralleled SEM and TEM observations made it possible to recognize three different kinds of arterial changes: (1) Temporary changes consisting of a highly thrombogenic exposed subintimal connective tissue (1–30 days) and of regenerating endothelium morphologically different from control endothelium (14–60 days); (2) permanent changes characterized by thickening of the media, and (3) occasional changes corresponding to reduction of the vessel caliber. Temporary changes may be shortened by adequate therapy. Endothelial changes may represent the sign of an impaired endothelial function. Permanent changes are due to a hyperplastic-inflammatory reaction, and are probably related to the natural history of arterial wall injury. Occasional changes may be related to poor microsurgical technique. Therefore, these alterations should be taken into consideration when setting therapeutic protocols and evaluating the reasons for arterial anastomo

ISSN:1422-6405    

DOI:10.1159/000147031

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1991

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Giant cells containing S-100 protein of the lymphoid tissues in the guinea pig were studied by immunohistochemistry using S-100 antiserum. S-100-immunoreactive giant cells were dendritic in shape, contained one or two irregular-shaped, euchromatic nuclei, phagosomes of various diameter, numerous mitochondria and microfilaments in the perikaryon, and extended cell processes free of cell organelles. These cells predominantly lined the superficial cortex facing the subcapsular sinus, were less numerously scattered in the medulla of lymph nodes and located at the marginal zone of the spleen. They also stained with S-100 α monoclonal antiserum and showed active phagocytosis for aldehyde-fixed red cells or colloidal carbon in the popliteal lymph node and spleen. S-100-immunoreactive giant cells also appeared in the corticomedullary zone of the thymus and in the interfollicular area of the Peyer’s patches of the gut. Small sinus macrophages, which exhibited active phagocytosis for colloidal carbon but were less active for red cells in the popliteal lymph node and spleen, were not stained with S-100 antiserum. These findings indicate that S-100-immu-noreactive giant cells of the lymph node and spleen are a subpopulation of macrophages different from S-100-negative cells of the small ty

ISSN:1422-6405    

DOI:10.1159/000147032

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1991

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

The present study aimed to describe the ultrastructural localization of alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity in articular-epiphyseal growth cartilage of the commercial pig and the minipig of wild hog ancestry, comparing areas with a normal endochondral ossification with those where the calcification of the matrix is insufficient, as in osteochondrotic cartilage. Intense AP activity was primarily present in the cytoplasm, the plasmalemmae the long cellular processes and the matrix vesicles budding off from proliferative and hypertrophic chondrocytes in those areas of cartilage where normal calcification appeared. In the osteochondrotic cartilage, the only detectable AP activity was restricted to a few morphologically viable hypertrophic cells in the surroundings of the lesion. The lack of AP activity could partially explain the insufficient calcification of the osteochondrotic cartilage.

ISSN:1422-6405    

DOI:10.1159/000147033

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1991

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

There is some confusion in the literature regarding the nature of the os peroneum. It has been claimed to be either a supranumerary os or a sesamoid in the tendon of the peroneus longus muscle. Its position in the foot is also a subject of dispute. Most authors state that it is related to the cuboid bone, and it has in the past been termed the ‘cuboidum secundarius’. Occasionally an ossicle is seen inferior to the distal calcaneus distal to the calcaneocuboid articulation. This may represent a developmental anomaly of position of the os peroneum or be the sequel of a rupture of the peroneus longus mus

ISSN:1422-6405    

DOI:10.1159/000147034

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1991

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

The appearance of β-enolase, a glycolytic enzyme, was studied immunohistochemically using the upper limb bud of human embryos at Carnegie stages from 13 to 21. β-Enolase-immunoreactive cells first appeared at stage 15 in the proximal portion of the upper limb bud. It was evidenced that glycogen granules first appear at the same stage. These results may suggest that changes in energy metabolism might be one of the earliest events in the differentiating steps of the skeletal muscles because this stage is earlier than the stages of cell fusion myofilament formation and innervation of the muscle cell

ISSN:1422-6405    

DOI:10.1159/000147035

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1991

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

The ovaries and internal genital tracts of cycling gilts were studied for localization of carbonic anhydrase activity using a post-embedding cobalt precipitation technique. Carbonic anhydrase activity was present in selective capillary endothelia and epithelial cells of the genitalia. The ovarian parenchyma, irrespective of the stage of the oestrous cycle considered, was unstained. The secretory cells of the deep furrows in the uterotubal junction and those in the isthmic region of the oviduct of the oestrous female showed a clear membrane-bound localization. The surface epithelium in the tubal ampulla showed a conspicuous cytoplasmic carbonic anhydrase activity during oestrus and the early luteal phase. Neither the intensity nor the localization of the histo-enzymatic reaction in the females varied with their hormonal status (i.e. stage of the oestrous cycle). The localization of the enzyme in particular regions of the female pig genitalia that normally act as sperm reservoirs (uterotubal junction – tubal isthmus) or where fertilization – early embryo development occur (i.e. ampulla) might be related to the control of the acid-base status of the luminal fl

ISSN:1422-6405    

DOI:10.1159/000147036

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1991

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Postnatal development of myelin sheaths in the dorsal funiculus of rats has been studied qualitatively by light microscopy and morphometry. A distinction is made between Goll’s tract and Burdach’s tract, and, furthermore, inside Goll’s tract the cervical, thoracic and lumbar areas are compared. The induction of myelinization is influenced by a critical range of axon thicknesses. Between the 15th and 20th days of postnatal maturation there is a minimal growth reaction in the dorsal funiculus, but after the 20th day up to the 120th day extensive growth of the myelin sheath can be seen. Burdach’s tract shows earlier and faster development of the myelin sheath than Goll’s tract cervically, which leads to the conclusion that epicritical sensitivity matures earlier in the upper extremity. Concerning Goll’s tract in the lumbar area of the dorsal funiculus, faster maturation than in the thoracic and cervical areas

ISSN:1422-6405    

DOI:10.1159/000147037

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1991

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Further investigations of the epithelial and mesothelial basal lamina of the duodenum of Xenopus laevis during metamorphosis were performed by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and histochemical techniques using polyethyleneimine (PEI) to demonstrate anionic sites, as well as light- and transmission-electron-microscopic methods involving morphometric analysis. The basal lamina of the duodenal epithelial cells was smooth, and it was occasionally curved along the processes of the epithelial cells (stages 56–59). The basal lamina became thicker by folding, and the thickness of the folded basal lamina exceeded 1 µm (stages 60–62). Subsequently, the folded basal lamina disappeared gradually and became almost smooth again and consisted of only one layer (stages 63–66). After removing the epithelium by boric acid, SEM revealed that the small ridges of the basal lamina protruded like a mesh-work into the luminal side, and the luminal surface of the basal lamina became smooth at later stages of the metamorphic climax. The electron-dense granules of PEI-positive material were localized at both sides of the lamina densa at regular intervals (80–100 nm). The basal lamina of the mesothelial cells was almost smooth at stages 56–59 and started to show occasional slight folding. This folding became continuous and deeper (stages 60–62). The folded mesothelial basal lamina disappeared except for the cell-associated basal lamina and became smooth again at later stages of the metamorphic climax (stages 63–66). These morphologic changes of the basal lamina observed in the epithelium and mesothelium may be induced by common factors. We suggest that physical changes in the small intestine involving the shortening and narrowing should be a main factor to cause these changes in the basal lamina. Furthermore, morphometric analysis proposed that the basal lamina becomes more complex by adding newly synthesized basal lamina material, especially in

ISSN:1422-6405    

DOI:10.1159/000147038

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1991

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

The mammalian carotid body contains a number of different cell types which are not always easy to identify in routine histological sections. We have devised a battery of immunohistochemical tests which overcome this difficulty and offer the possibility of performing routine morphometric analyses of the response of the organ to various pathological processes in paraffin-embedded sections. The type I cells can be identified on the basis of their reaction with neuronal specific enolase, whilst type II cells react with antibodies to S-100 protein. Schwann cells do not react with S-100 antibodies but do so with antibodies to glial fibrillary acidic protein; nerve fibres can be identified by their reaction to neurofibrillary protein.

ISSN:1422-6405    

DOI:10.1159/000147039

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1991

数据来源: Karger