摘要:

RADIOACTf VITY.THE y_ear’s work has been notable for the very large number ofimportant investigations, with interesting theoretical bearings, butcbiefly concerned with points of detail rather than with any greatgeneral extension of the boundaries of the subject. Radioactivity a tthe present time resembles somewhat the science of organic chemistryin its early days, both i n its bewildering wealth of detail andin the opportunities i t affords for the crucial examinationof theoretical predictions. On this account, however, it becomesincreasingly difficult to give any connected account of the progressmade. .The various investigations in different parts of the subjectare so closely interconnected that they cannot well be separated intodistinct sections, and some latitude in the order in which the subjectsare taken must be allowed. It is impossible to draw a distinctionbetween researches which are more nearly physical and those whichare mainly of chemical interest, for it seems that the more clearly aninvestigation falls under the one head the more surely does it becomeindispensable to the other side of the subject.Thus the electro-chemical researches, particularly of von Lerch, on the separation ofsuccessive disintegration products are indispensable to physicists inthe analysis of the complex radiations, and the determination of thephysical constants of each type of radiation separately. Bragg’swork on the ionisation ranges of the a-rays, dealt with at length lastyear,l has developed this year in the hands of Hahn into a method ofanalysis of two successive products hitherto regarded as single, andwhich so far chemical methods have proved powerless to separate.Rutherford’s final results, to be considered at length, on the constantsof the a-particle, threaten to raise again the problem of the atomicweights of the inert gases, and the validity of the theoretical groundson which the accepted values are based, whilst Bragg’s method ofionisation ranges,’as already indicated, affords a novel and independentmethod of determining the atomic weight of gases.I n the wealth ofinformation concerning the properties of each of the new separatedisintegration products, now become too numerous almost to remember,PO detail is too unimportant to be dealt with, for a t any moment someAnn.Beport 1905, 295334 ANNUAL REPORTS ON THE PROGRESS OP CHZMISTRP.such apparently trivial fact may furnish a clue to the laws underlyingthe arbitrary and mysterious courses along which the devolution ofmatter is proceeding before our eyes. Already it is becomingincreasingly evident that there is familiar method in the apparentmadness, and in the strange resemblances and analogies between thesuccessive members from different parent elements we have a new andvaried phase of the old problem of the relations between the elementsthemselves which finds its most complete expression, although noexplanation, in the Periodic Law. When it is considered that each ofthese disintegration products is a new elementary form of matter andthat the total number of elements known has been increased by nearlyone-fourth through the study of radioactivity in the last five years,we have a suficient answer to the view the writer has heardexpressed that radioactivity is outside the sphere of chemistry andmust be considered the exclusive territory of the physicist.Since allthe newcomers are derived from and related to two only of the pre-viously known elements, it may be realised how little the possibilitiesof matter have been exhausted by the older chemistry. But theprospect of any simple and complete hypothesis of matter seems tohave been rendered more remote rather than brought within measurabledistance of realisation by the recent extensions.Constants of the a-particle.-Some of the problems in connexionwith the nature of the a-ray will be first considered, as these haveagain occupied a prominent place in the year’s work.The controversy1between Becquerel on the one hand and Rutherford and Bragg onthe other has been satisfactorily settled. I n a later communication,Becquerel5 gives the results of further experiments i n which a beamof a-rays, ,deflected in a magnetic field, was made to register itsdeflection on a photographic plate both after passage through a thick-ness of aluminium foil and when the foil was removed, and he obtainedthe same result as in Rutherford’s experiments, that the beam is moreeasily deviated after passage through aluminium foil, and thereforesuffers retardation of velocity in its passage through matter. Theearlier view that there was an increase in the radius of curvaturealong the trajectory is shown by the new experiments to have beenerroneous, and the traces conform to a circular trajectory.Rutherford 6 reproduces photographs of a very striking character,showing clearly the displacement of the trace in the direction ofgreater deviability when the a-rays are caused to pass through0.003 cm.of aluminium foil, using the homogeneous a-radiation fromAnn. Report, 1905, 302.Phil. Mag., 1906, [vi], 11, 166.Compt. rend., 1905, 141, 485.* Ibid., 627.5 Compt. rsnd., 1906, 142, 365; Phil. Mag., 1906, [vi], 11, 722; Phgs. Zeit.,1906, 7, 177. Loo. citRADIOACTIVITY. 335radium C, whilst in another photograph the broad diffuse trace obtainedby using a thick layer of a radium salt, emitting several types of a-raystravelling with different velocities, is contrasted with the result whena homogeneous source of a-rays is employed.I n addition, the photo-graphs establish a slight but distinct scatte&g of the beam consequentupon its passage through matter. Thus in one photograph the im-pressions produced by the rays of radium C, (1) in a vacuum, (2) afterpassage through air, are contrasted, and it is clear that not only-canthe rays be deviated to a greater extent, but the trace is broader andless well defined in the second case than in the first. This is an im-portant result, as Bragg and Kleemanl had shown that if any suchscattering in passage through matter occurs it can only be small, andis sharply to be distinguished from the very marked scattering that isshown by the P-rays.Rutherford,2 in a paper entitled ‘‘ The Retardation of the a-Particlein passing through Matter,” gives some data differing somewhat fromthe preliminary measurements already given.3 It will be recalledthat there exists a certain sharply defined ‘‘ critical velocity ” a t whichall action of the a-ray abruptly ceases, so that even although it ismoving at great speed i t produces no ionising, photographic, or fluor-escent action.This critical velocity is now given as 0.43 V, whereVindicates in all cases the initial velocity at which the a-particle ofradium C, the fastest of those from radium, is expelled. It was foundwhen successive thicknesses of aluminium foil were placed over thesource of a-rays that each layer caused a reduction of velocity by anamount greater than the last, but the simple law was established thatthe diminution of the kinetic energy, or the square of the velocity, ofthe a-particle was the same amount for each layer of foil added.Ifthe kinetic energy is plotted against the thickness of matter traversed,a straight line is obtained which if produced cuts the axis of zeroenergy at a point represented by 8.31 centimetres of air, that is, 1.25cm. beyond the critical distance at which the rays cease abruptly toionise. This has proved a very useful result, although it may be saidat once that we have at present no knowledge of what becomes of thea-particle after it has passed through its critical distance.Bronson 4made a search for any small ionisation by the a-rays beyond theircritical distance, but with negative results. The drain on the energy ofthe a-particle on account of ionisation ceases after the critical distanceis passed, so that unless other actions, of which we have at present noknowledge, occur, there may be no cause acting to retard the velocityfurther once the critical velocity is reached. J. J. Thomson5 has.Ann. Beport, 1906, 297.Ann. Report, 1906, 300.Proc. Camb. Phil. Xoc., 1906, 13, 212.Phil. Mag., 1906, [vi], 12, 134.Phil. Mag., 1906, [vi], 11, 806336 ANNUAL REPORTS ON THE PROGRESS OF CHEMISTRY.suggested t h a t the most probable cause of the loss of ionising powerby the a-particle is that below the critical velocity it retains anelectron and becomes a n uncharged atom.1If 1’ is the range of any a-particle in air, its energy is proportionalto r + 1.25 and its velocity to 1’ + 1-25.The ratio of the velocityof two particles with ranges and r2 respectively is therefore d?$IG5. I n this way Ruthorford has calculated, in terms of thatof radium C as V, the velocities of each of the a-particles expelled byradium and its producta, using the ionisation ranges as determined byBragg. These are : Radium, 0.750 V ; emanation, 0.814V (see p. 344) ;radium A , 0.858 V ; radium P(polonium), 0.787 V. These results agreeclosely with the direct measurements about t o be considered, From thescattering of the a-rays in passage through matter i t was deducedthat some of the rays must suffer a deflection of a t least 20 fromtheir course, which isequivalent to the effect of an electric field of ahundred million volts per centitnotre (compare preceding footnote).After four years’ efforts, liutherford has now obtained satisfactorymeasurements of the electrostatic as well as of the electromagneticdeviations suffered by the a-particle.2 The former gives the valuenzva/e and the latter the value mule, so that from the combined resultsthe velocity v and the ratio e/na of the charge to the mass of the particlecan be deduced.The a-rays of radium C, from an uncovered wiremade active by exposure to the emanation, were taken as the standard,and the values in other cases deduced by comparison with this standard.The initial velocity of the a-rays from radium C, designated by Vpre-viously, is given as 2.06 x lo9 cm.per second, and the ratio e l mas 5.07 x 103. These values are both somewhat lower than those pre-viously given from more or less indirect data, and for the future theymust be taken a s the most trustworthy determinations of these import-ant and difficultly-determined constants.Rutherford next proceeded to examine whether the ratio elm is thesame for all a-particles, and whether i t is altered by passage of thea-particle through matter. Direct determinations of the electrostaticaud magnetic deviation of the a-particle of radium C after passingthrough various thicknesses of matter showed that the ratio e/m isconstant within the limit of experimental error.Similar direct deter-d -The assumption seems to be made here that only electrical forces are acting inthe collision of tlic radiant a-particle with the molecules of obstructing matter. Butthis view presupposes that an uncharged radiant atom would neither ionise nor beretarded or deviated in its passage through matter, an assumption which is far fromproved.P,hiZ. Mag., 1906, [vi], 12, 348RADlOACTlVITY. 337minations mere also made OF the a-particles of radium A , radium E, andactinium B, and, in conjunction with Dr. Hahn,l of the a-rays from theexcited activity G f thorium (thorium B and thorium C, p. 342). An in-dependent determination in the case of radium E' o r polonium has beencarried out by Huff 2 in continuation of the work of 9.StanleyMackenzie. The general result gots to show that the ratio elm is thesame for all the a-particles within the limits of experimental error.Lastly, the evidence is considered by Rutherford as to the connexionbetween the a-particle and theatom of helium. All the radio-elementsexpel a-particles which are identical in all respects save initial velocityof expulsion, and it is pointed out that whatever its nature thea-particle must be a fundamental constituent of the atoms of all theradio-elements. Now the new value for elm, 5.07 x lo3, is almostexactly one-half that of the hydrogen ion in electrolysis (101), andsince the atomic weighb of helium is accepted as 4, the helium atom, if *it carried the single ionic charge carried by the hydrogen ion, wouldhave the value 2.5 x lo3 for the ratio elm, or one-half that of thea-particle.Several possibilities are discussed by Rutherford, and twomay be here considered. The a-particle may be a helium atom withtwice the ionic charge,. or it may be one-half the chemical atomcarrying a single charge. The first alternative is that favoured byRutherford. Another possibility not discussed is that there is a flawin the reasoning which has led in the case of the inert gases to thedensity being doubled to give the atomic weight. Beyond the generalevidence already discussed in favour of regarding helium as a generalproduct of radioactive matter, and therefore that the a-particle is orbecomes an atom of helium, there is very little actual evidence a t thepresent time on which to base a conclusion.A large number ofcalculations in radioactivity are based on the hitherto unquestionedassumption that the a-particle carries the single ionic charge, and ifthat assumption is abandoned, not only are the values of thesecalculations affected, but in addition much of the foundation on whichthe atomic theory of electricity has been based is weakened, for theexistence of multiple charges, not confined to two units only, may bepostulated in many other cases. Until the question is settled, doubtis thrown upon most of the calculated constants in radioactivity, forexample, the number of a-particles expelled from a known weight of aradioactive substance in unit time, the periods of average life of theparent elements, the quantity of the disintegration products associatedwith the parent in state of radioactive equilibrium, &c., which must beeither doubled or halved on the view that the a-particle carries twoionic charges.Rutherford calculates, on the latter assumption, the periodPhil. Nag., 1906, [vi], 12, 371.Axx. Acpart, 1905, 303.Proe. Roy. Sac., 1906, 78 A , 77.VOL. 111. 338 ANNUAL REPORTS ON THE PROGRESS OF CHEMISTRY.of past time required for the generation of the helium in two minerals,thorianite and fergusonite, and arrives in each case a t about the sameresult, namely 400 million years, which brings vividly into prominencethe slowness of radioactive change and the extraordinary delicacy ofour present means of investigation.a-Ray Ionisation.-The phenomenon of “ initial recombination ” dis-covered by Bragg and Kleeman working with the a-rays of radium 1has been the subject of a further investigation by KIeeman,2 who hasmade the important discovery that the effect appears to be confined toionisation produced by the a-rays alone.Gases ionised by the actionof X-rays, @rays, and y-rays do not show the effect, and this isattributed to the relatively low velocity of the a-particle, and theconsequently less violent character of the separation of the chargedions from the neutral atom in this case. The view that in a-rayionisation the electron detached from the atom ionised travels a t alow speed, and so is more readily dragged back into, or recombineswith, the parent atom by the electric field existing between them,after the a-particle has passed, is supported by the fact that thea-rays produce no secondary radiation where they impinge, whereasthe other radiations give rise to strong secondary radiation known toconsist of electrons moving with great velocity.It was found thatthe effect of the initial recombination was the greater the lower thevelocity of the a-particle.Bragg3 has attacked an important problem in the nature ofionisation, namely, the determination of the relative total number ofions produced by the a-rays in various gases. Several distinct factorshave to be considered separately in ionisation by a-rays. The ionisa-tion per unit length of path of the a-particle, or the specificionisation, increases with the distance traversed up to the criticalvelocity, and therefore with diminishing velocity and energy thea-particle becomes a more eficient ioniser right up to the point atwhich it ceases t o ionise.Combining with his earlier results thedirect measurements of the velocity by Rutherford, i t appears that theionisation increases inversely as the velocity. Since we have seen thatthe energy lost by the a-particle in traversing unit length of path (inaluminium) is constant, it may be inferred that the energy requiredto produce an ion cannot be constant, but must be greater a t thebeginning than a t the end of the course of the a-particle.The range of the a-particle in any gas, or conversely the ‘I stoppingpower ” of the gas, is easily measured t o very great accuracy, and issimply proportional to the number of molecules in the layer of gas,Ann.Report, 1905, 298.Trans. Roy. Soe. S. Australiu 1906, 30, two papers; Phil. Mag., 1906, [vi],11, 617.; 1907, [vi], 13, 333.Phil. Mag., 1906, [vi], 12, 273RADIO ACT1 VITY. 339and with this reservation is not affected by pressure and tempera-ture, and is independent of the chemical nature of the gas. It isa strictly colligative or additive property depending only on thenumber and nature of the individual atoms. The stopping power ofdifferent atoms is very nearly proportional to the square root of theatomic weight, but there is a slight systematic departure from thislaw, the value being more accurately expressed by a Jw+ bw than byu J6-simply, where u and b are two constants the same for all theelements.Bragg considers stopping power more nearly a purelyadditive property of the atom than any other save mass. The pro-portionality of stopping powor to the atomic square root is an effectquite apart from its additive nature, and the divergence from exact-ness is only marked for light atoms below PO, an effect which iscuriously similar t o the case of the atomic heats.The total ionisation produced by the a-particle in different gases isa very difficult quantity to measure accurately, and, as is evident fromthe papers, a great deal of experimental skill has been spent on thispart of the problem. The method employed is to determine thespecific ionisation at some defined point on the curve connectingionisation with distance from the source, and that point to whichthe rays from radium A (the second most penetrating type) just failto penetrate was selected.The product of this quantity into therange of the a-particle in the gas in question gives a measure of thedesired total ionisation, by means of which different gases can becompared together. Initial recombination was carefully guardedagainst by the use of extremely high voltages, which previous workhad shown were necessary in many of the complex gases to producecomplete saturation. It was definitely proved that the total ioniss-tion in different gases was very different from that in air, being inthe majority of gases tried about one-third higher.Thus the valuein the case of carbon disulphide is 1.37 times air, and this is oneof the highest determined. Then in order come pentane, methyliodide, ethyi ether, ethyl chloride, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform,ethyl iodide, ethylene, and lastly acetylene with the value 1-26. Thesimple gases carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and hydrogen are verysimilar to air. The specific molecular ionisation, or the relativeionisation produced in the molecule by the passage of an a-particleof defined speed, obtained from these data is shown by Bragg tobe closely related to other physical constants, such as molecularvolume, molecular refractive power, and more closely still to Suther-land’s molecular-volume constant 13.Thus, although range isstrictly additive, capacity for being ionised is a constitutive propertyof the molecule, and the energy required to produce an ion is notconstant. This shows that in the special case of ionisation by radiant2 340 ANNUAL REPORTS ON THE PROGRESS OF CHEMISTRY.atoms or a-particles, the act of ionisation is not entirely a sub-atomicprocess whatever it may be in other cases.lInitial recombination is an effect which varies greatly for differentgases and, as Kleeman has also shown, with the speed of the a-particle.There does not appear to be any evidence against the view that amolecule which has already lost one ion or electron is any the less likelyto be again ionised, or, in other words, there seems no evidence againstthe existence of gaseous ions with multiple charges, as concluded byRutherford in the case of the a-particle itself.I n the same paper, Bragg draws attention to a suggestive fact alsocommented on by Rutherford independently.2 The number of ionsmade in a day by radium would occupy the same volume approximatelyas the hydrogen and oxygen generated in the same time by the radiumin aqueous solution.I n other words, if the saturation current capableof passing through a gas ionised by radium were passed also througha water voltameter in series, the gas generated in the voltameter wouldbe ncarly equal in volume to the gas generated by the same radium inaqueous solution. The question naturally arises whether the bydrogenand oxygen liberated are not actually the ions formed by the a-raysin passing through liquid water. And this at once leads to fundamentalquestions affecting the ionisation of liquids which cannot a t present beanswered.Thus the whole subject of the nature of ionisation is in avery interesting state, and great advances are foreshadowed, which mayhave a bearing on chemistry and electrochemical problems. I n par-ticular, it is noteworthy that two of the main ideas, which served almostas a scaffolding on which the existing ionisation theory of gases waslargely based during its development, namely, the confident assumptionthat the charge carried by the gas ion mas always the same and equalto the single atomic charge, and secondly that the energy required toproduce a pair of ions was independent of the nature of thegas, appear (in the light of fuller knowledge) not to have beenwarranted.Ionisation ranges of u-rays.-Steady progress has been made in thodetermination of the ionisation ranges of the a-rays of other substancesthan radium by numerous investigators, following the methods ofBragg and Kleeman.XcClung investigated in this way the a-radia-tion of radium C by itself and found i t homogeneous, as was to beexpected from the original curves of Bragg and Kleeman. The samehomogeneity has been found independently by many investigators in thecase of the radiation from polonium or radium P. Kleeman4 found aCompare Ann. Report, 1905, 298.Radioactive Transformations, 252. (Constable & Co., 1906.)Phil.Mag., 1906, [vi], 11, 131.Ibid., 12, 273RADIO ACT1 V ITY. 341range in air of 3.8 cm. a t 77.34 em. of mercury pressure. Levin * found3 86 cm. at 76 cm., and Kudera and Ms6ek 4.1 cm. at 73.3 cm. Theresults of the latter investigators 2 are the most complete They showedthat the range of the rays is not affected by the decay of the activityof the polonium with time ; the number of rays expelled grows less, butthe character of the individual particle expelled remains the same.Absorption of the rays of polonium by metal films and gases confirmedthe square-root law of Bragg and Kleeman. Lastly, they state that itis not possible to observe any secondary radiation from the a-rays wherethey impinge, and the eEects previously ascribed to this are probablydue to the scattering of the original beam, which increases with theatomic weight of the metal acted on.This agrees w i t h the conclusionof Kleeman (p. 338). On the other hand, Edgar Meyer,3 investigat-ing the nature of the absorption of the a-rays of polonium by metals,concludes that neither secondary radiation nor scattering are necessaryto explain the results. The main fact in question is that if two screensof different metals, as aluminium and tin, are used to absorb the rays,the extent of absorption is different according to the order in whichthe screens are traversed by the rays.4 It would appear that all thatis necessary to explain these and similar results is to suppose that theabsorption like ionisation in gases increases as the velocity of thea-particle decreases.On this view, the effect of superimposing variousscreens in different ways can be calculated, and the results given agreeclosely with experiment. Further discussion must be held over.I n apparent contradiction to the above conclusions that the a-raysproduce no secondary radiation by impact is a research of W. H. Loge-man,5 who has proved in a very neat manner the existence of asecondary radiation from a metal plate in a vacuum bombarded by thea-rays of polonium. The contradiction is but apparent, for thesecondary rays in question are so feeble in penetrating power that theycould only be observed by working in a vacuum, and consist of theslom-moving electrons or &rays discovered by J.3. Thomson. Withno electric field acting, a plate of polonium gives out to an opposedplate mom - than + electricity, but by the application of an electricfield in the right direction the emission of negative electricity from thepolonium plate can be suppressed, so that the + emission predominates.If, however, a suitable magnetic field is employed to deviate tbenegative charges and to return them t o their origin, the + emission isonly one-fifth of that when the electric field is employed. Theexplanation is that the plate bombarded gives out slow-movingPhys. Zeit., 1906, 7, 519 ; Amer. J. Sci., 1906, 22, 8.Phys. Zeit., 1906, 7, 337, 631 and 650.Mme. Curie, Thesis reprinted from the Chenrical iirews, p. 56.proc. Roy. SOC., 1906, 78 A, 212.Ibid., 917342 ANNUAL REPORTS ON THE PROGRESS OF CHEMISTRY.negative charges no less than the polonium plate, and these also arereadily returned to their origin by the magnetic field.The electricfield, on the other hand, which suppresses the negative charges fromthe polonium, carries those from the bombarded plate to the poloniumplate, and the effect is added to the positive current conveyed by thea-particles from the polonium to the bombarded plate. The positivecurrent then appears to be much greater than when a magnetic field isacting.Returning to the subject of ionisation ranges, Hahn 1 has applied themethod with fruitful and novel results to the a-rays of actinium andthorium, This has been rendered possible by the separation from theseelements of intensely active new disintegration products, radioactiniumand radiothorium, some account of which follows later (p.363). Onlyvery intensely active preparations are suitable for the determinationof ionisation ranges, and the extension of the results to thorium, as alsothe case of Rutherford and Hahn’s measurement of the constants ofthe a-rays from this element already described, exemplifies the veryvaluable results that have followed the separation of radiothorium.Both radiothorium and radioactinium are considered to be the 3 r dproduct of the parent element, the initial change of which is in eachcase rayless, so that these preparations exhibit in intensified degreethe whole of the characteristic radioactivity of the parent elements.The excited activity of thorium was first investigated.Hitherto ithas been supposed that the rays in this case come solely from thoriumB, as thorium A , the first product deposited from the thorium emana-tion, undergoes an apparently rayless change (see, however, p. 348).It was a t once seen that the curve connecting ionisation with distancewas not due t o a homogeneous type of a-radiation, but to two types ofdifferent ranges superimposed. The ranges in air were 8.6 cm. and5.0 cm. Sufficient grounds are furnished in the paper for the conclusionthat the radiation of thorium B is derived from two successive pro-ducts, called thorium B and thorium C, both of which give out a-rayson disintegration, but it is not yet possible to say which change givesthe more penetrating and which the less penetrating type.Fromanalogy to radium it is provisionally concluded that the thorium Cgives tho more penetrating type and also the /?- and y-rays. Accordingto the evidence, the change of thorium B into thorium C must beextremely rapid, for the two types occur together in all circumstancesin unchanged relative amount, and for this reason no actual separationbas been effected. The new type of a-rays here disclosed must not beconfounded with yet another new type found this year from thorium Aby von Lerch (p. 348).The curve in the case of the a-radiation of radiothorium itself, freedPhil. Mag., 1906, [vi], 11, 792 ; 12, 82RADIOACTIVITY. 343from succeeding products, proved to be simple, the rays having a rangeof approximately 3.9 cm.The curve for thorium X freed from thelater products disclosed also a homogeneous a-radiation of range5.7 cm. The range of the rays from the thorium emanation wasestimated by a special scintillation method to be about 5.5 cm. Thusthe whole of the ranges of the five types of a-rays emitted by thoriumhave been determined, and it is interesting that the range is on theaverage higher and the velocity therefore greater than in the case ofradium. Indeed, the a-particle of range 8.6 cm from thorium Cis thefastest moving a-particle known. A beautiful photograph showingthe lesser deviation suffered by this particle in comparison with thatfrom radium C, the swiftest particle from radium, is to be found inRutherford and Hahn’s paper on the mass and velocity of the a-particlesfrom thorium already referred to.On the clear view afforded by the dis-integration theory, it is of course a matter of no comment that a feeblyactive body like thorium should emit an a-particle with greater velocityand energy than in the case of an intensely active ‘body like radium,but no more striking example could be deduced of the independence ofthe rate of atomic disintegration, not only on its external environ-ment, but also on the quantity of internal energy liberated in theprocess.Some observations of Lise Meitnerl on the a-rays of thorium Bresulted in the confirmation of the square-root law of absorption ofBragg. I n the case of the P-rays the absorption does not follow thesquare-root law, but increases with, although slower than, the specificgravity of the metal.For actinium, Hahn gives the following ranges for the four typesof a-radiation : radio-actinium, 4.8 cm.; actinium X’, 6-55 cm. ; actiniumemanation, 5.8 cm. ; actinium B, 5.50 cm. I n the relative magnitudeof the ranges of the rays of the successive products the actiniumseries bears a close resemblance to that of thorium, a resemblancewhich is extending itself to all the radioactive properties of the twosubst,ances. The various a-rays from actinium are the most nearlyalike in range, those from thorium exhibit the greatest diversity,whilst those from radium occupy an intermediate position. Thea-radiation from the excited activity of actinium (actinium B), unlikethat from thorium, is completely homogeneous.The researches of H.Willy S ~ h m i d t , ~ remarkable in many directionsdiscussed later, have resulted incidentally in settling the question leftopen from Bragg and Kleeman’s work of the respective ranges of thea-rays from radium A and the radium emanation. Schmidt hasPhil. Mug., 1906, [vi], 12, 244.’Phys. Zeit., 1906, 7, 588.Phys. Zeit., 1905, 6, 897 ; 1906, 7, 764 ; Ann. Physik., 1906, [iv], 21, 609.Ann. Report 1905, 296344 ANNUAL REPORTS ON THE PROGRESS OF CHEMISTRY.shown that the less penetrating of the two types of a-radiation presentin the radiation from the active deposit immediately after its formationfrom the radium emanation, and which is due to radium A , has arange greater than 4.5 cm.and less than 5.1 cm., so that the rangeof 4.83 cm. measured by Bragg must be ascribed to the rays fromradium A , and that of 4.23 cm. t o the rays from the radium emanation.For use in cases of feebly radioactive bodies where a direct determin-ation of the range of the a-radiation is impossible, Braggl hasderived an indirect method wbich he has applied to the determinationof the ranges of the a-rays from uranium and thorium. Braggobtains mathematically an expression connecting ionisation currentdue to a-rays, from layers of radioactive matter of various depthscovered with uniform sheets of metal of various thickness and knownstopping power, with the range of the a-ray in question, in such away that the range can be deduced from measurement of the ionisationcurrent under various conditions.In this way it is shown t h a t theinitial a-ray expelled from both thorium and uranium has the samerange as that of the initial a-ray expelled from radium, namely, about3.5 cm. This is in fair agreement with the direct measurement ofHahn for thorium (radiothorium), which gave 3.9 cm. (p. 342). Fromthe relative ionisation produced from similar quantities of uranium andthorium preparations, and the number of a-ray changes i n each casecontributing to the activity, Bragg has deduced the relative rates ofchange of these two elements to be in the ratio of 5 to 1. Uraniumand thorium are of very similar a-activity, but since there are fivesuccessive changes contributing a-rays in thorium and only one inuranium, the uranium must be disintegrating much the more rapidly.The actual ratio of Bragg is, however, vitiated, as Rutherford haspointed out, by the subsequent work of Dadourian and Boltwood(p.362), who has shown that commercial thorium preparations do notcontain their full amount of radiothorium, about half being apparentlyseparated during the process of manufacture. To get the true ratio,which is probably about 5 t o 2, the measurements must be repeatedwith some thorium mineral, such as thorianite, containing a known'perceutage of thorium in equilibrium with its disintegration products.Positive Charge cccwied by the a-Particle.-The difficult question ast o whether the a-particle is charged at the moment of its expulsionfrom the parent atom 2 has this year been experimentally attacked byEwers 3 and Soddy.4 Ewers investigated the a-rays of polonium in thehighest vacuum he could produce, and obtained no difference in thevalue of the charge carried by the a-rays on account of the high vacuum.H e concluded ngainst the hypothesis that the a-particle was unchargedPhil.Mag., 1906, [vi], 11, 754.Plzys.iZeit., 1906, 7, 148.Compare Ann. Beport, 1905, 302.Nalwe, Bug. 2nd, 1906, p. 316RADIOACTIVITY. 345a t the moment of its expulsion frnm the parent atom. He alsomeasured the constants of the slow-velocity electrons (&rays)accompanying the a-radiation, and found for elm 1.48 x lo7 and forv 3.25 x lo8, which, however, are not in agreement with the experi-ments of Logeman (p.341). It has been pointed out by Bragg 1 andSoddy2 that the experiments of Ewers do not suffice to answer thequestion as to the initial state of the a-particle on expulsion, for in hisexperiments the *-particles must first pass through the thickness of theradioactive layer of polonium, and must, therefore, become chargedbefore emerging into the vacuum. The conditions to be realised are,according t o Soddy, not oiily a vacuum so high that no gas molecule isencountered by the a-particle in its path, but also a layer of radio-active matter as the source of a-rays, not exceeding one moleculein thickness. This was attempted experimentally by using radium Cas the source of a-rays, the deposit being produced inside, andconfined within a certain length of, thermometer tubing of thesmallest possible bore, from one of the open ends of which a narrowpencil of a-rays emerged.Under the action of a magnetic field therays are readily deviated, and none escapes the narrow tube. Aftermany failures, it was found in three consecutive experiments that amagnetic field which completely deviated the beam in a low vacuum nolonger affected it in the highest possible vacuum, and it was con-cluded that the a-particle was uncharged on expulsion. Only a pre-liminary account of this work has so far appeared.The Disintegration Xeq-ies radium A , radium B, radium C.-Thisseries has hitherto presented some anomalies and unexplained diver-gences from the requirements of the simple theory, which havereceived during the year exhaustive and critical examination, resultingin the complete vindication of the theory in its original form.Rutherford concluded 3 that his experimental results would agree moreclosely with theory if radium A and radium B were regarded assimultaneous rather than as successive products of the radiumemanation, but that further work was required before so fundamentala conclusion could be accepted. A similar idea has been proposedby him4 to account for the position of actinium in the uranium-radium series, which is also anomalous.However, new results have,so far at least as the radium series is concerned, dispensed with thenecessity of the above assumption. The conclusion of Bronson thatradium B has a longer period of change than radium C , instead ofthe contrary as previously assumed, and that both periods must bereduced, has also been arrived at independently by H.W. SchmidtPhp. Zeit., 1906, 7, 452.Compare h'adiimctive ?'ran.9fomacctiom, p. 11 5.Phil. Mag., 1906, [viJ, 11, 143; Ann. lieport, 1905, 307.LOG. cit.Ibid., p. 177346 ANNUAL REPORTS ON THE PROGRESS OF CHEMISTRY.and by von Lerch. The latter1 arrived at his conclusions by theelectrochemical separation of the two products radium B and radium C,the former of which has been regarded as rayless, but as prodncingradium C, which then gives all three kinds of rays. Radium Cbehaves as electrochemically ‘‘ nobler ” than radium B, and by immers-ing a copper or nickel plate in the solntion of the active deposit, orby electrolysis with small current density using a polished platinumcathode, only the radium C is deposited.I n the same way, thorium B(+thorium C) is separated from thorium A , hitherto regarded asrayless.2 I f barium is precipitated as eulphate in the solution, theradium C remains in solution while the radium B is carried down withthe precipitate. Copper precipitated with caustic potash leaves someof the radium B in solution, the remainder, together with the radium C,being precipitated. The radium C, whether separated as in Bronson’smethods by volatilisation of the radium B, or by the new methods ofvon Lerch, has the quicker period.H. W. Schmidt,3 in addition t o showing that the decay curvescould be better explained by supposing that radium C possessed thequicker period, has shown that the change of radium B into radium (7is not altogether rayless, as previously assumed, but that P-raysof a type unusually feeble in penetrating power are emitted, and withthese two additions the experimental results agree perfectly with thetheory without further assumptions.The same discovery of theemission of /?-rays from radium B has been made independently by W.Duane 4 and by Gruner,5 the latter in a mathematical contribution t othe theory of radioactive change, from a study of the experimentalresults of Curie and Danne. Schmidt investigated the decay curvesof the active deposit on a wire, immediately after short exposure tothe radium emanation, through metal screens of successively increasingthickness.0.03 mm. of aluminium cuts off all the a-rays fromradium A , and the decay curve, instead of showing the sharp initial decaycharacteristic of the change of radium A , rises t o a maximum steadily inthirty minutes. With increasing thickness of aluminium the maximumis reached sooner, and with 0.068 mm. in eleven minutes. Screens,successively added, of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 mm. caused the period ofmaximum again t o increase until i t reached thirty-five minutes. Theonly explanation is that radium B gives out rays somewhat morepenetrating than a-rays and less penetrating than the common P-rays. .In a further examination, the methods of von Lerch in separatingradium B and radium C were employed, and it was found that theP-rays of radium B could be deviated by ft magnetic fihld, and more1 Wien.Sitzungsber., 1906, 115, Abt. IIa, 197 ; Ann. Physik., 1906, [iv], 20, 345.2 B i d . , March, 1905.4 Science, 1906, 24, 48.Loc. cit., p. 343.Ann. Phgsit., 1906, [iv], 19, 169RADIOACTIVITY. 347readily, so t h a t they must travel at a lower velocity than those ofradium C . Theperiods of the three products may be taken as follows : radium A ,three minutes ; radium B, twenty-six minutes ; radium C, nineteenminutes; and the theoretical curves calculated from these periods nowagree far better with the experimental than if it is supposed t h a tradium A and radium B are simultaneous products.Bronson,2 in a special research, examined the radiation of radium B tosee if a-rays, possibly of very slight penetrating power, were also givenout, but with a negative result,Another question remains for consideration in connexion with thisdisintegration series.Curie and Danne had explained their experi-mental results originally on the view that the rate of transformationin this series is affected by high temperature, and the effect of sub-mitting the active deposit to a high temperature has been examinedboth by Bronson and Makower with contradictory results. The formermaintains that there is no alteration of the rate of change. Wiresmade active in the radium emanation were afterwards sealed intotubes of hard glass, so that none of the radioactive matter couldescape by volatilisation, and were heated, it is stated, up to temperaturesof ah least 1 1 0 0 O .It is difficult, however, to believe that such hightemperatures can be attained with glass tubes. M a k o ~ e r , ~ working atmuch higher temperatures in vessels of sealed quartz, investigated theeffect of heating on the external radiation from the excited activityinside the vessel. The rays in question are the p- and y-rays derivedfrom radium C and not from the emanation. The activity measuredimmediately after the tube had been heated for fifteen minutes to atemperature between the melting points of platinum and of nickel wasfound to have fallen about 15 per cent., but in the course of an hourrecovered its original value. This was repeated five times for the sametube with similar results, and in a second experiment at lowertemperatures (1000” to 1200°) it was found that while heating for tenminutes had little effect, heating for one hour produced a temporarylowering of activity of from 4 to 9 per cent., while longer heatingproduced no further effect.I n a further paper t o the Royal Societyjust published, Bronson 5 has maintained his original conclusion, andstates that there is no alteration in the constants between - 180” and1600°, so that the question therefore remains unsettled.By “period” used as above without further qualification is now commonlyunderstood the period of half-transformation. Mu1 tiplying this by 1.45 gives the“average life’’ which is the time required for the quantity to be reduced to6-l (0’368) of the initial.The reciprocal of the average life is the “radioactiveconstant ” A.Duane has shown that they carry negative charges.Phil. Mag., 1906, [vi], 11, 810. Ibid., 142.Proc. hky. Xoc., 1906, 77 A, 241. ti Ibid., 1907, 78, A, 494348 ANNUAL REPORTS ON THE PROGRESS OF CHEMISTRY.Other a-Radiations previously overlooked.-Closely connected with thopreceding results are two researches which have resulted in the dis-covery of radiations previously overlooked in other disintegrations.Von Lerch 1 has concluded that thorium A , hitherto regarded as rayless.emits a small amount of ionising radiation, in part less penetrating,but chiefly more penetrating in character than the a-rays emitted bythorium B ( +thorium C).Thorium B was separated electrochemicallyfrom thorium A , and the radiation of the former compared with thatof the unseparated activity using various thicknesses of absorbingscreens. The close agreement between the decay curves and theoryon the earlier assumption that the change of thorium A is rayless,shows that the amount of radiation from this body must be relativelysmall.Moore and Schlundt,2 in an investigation of new methods ofseparation of uranium X from uranium, have made the observationthat the radiation of uranium X is not entirely due to P-rays, as beforethought, but that there is a small amount of a feebly penetratingradiation also, which they ascribe without sufficient proof to a-rays.Hitherto, although it has been noticed that uranium S has a feeble non-penetrating radiation, this has been attributed to a trace of uranium notcompletely separated.Moore and Schlundt, however, show that thiscannot be the case, for the two types of radiation both decay, and atthe same rate. A more thorough examination OF this radiation ismuch to be desired, for the results of the authors give no clue to thereal nature of the radiation, whether it is an a-radiation as they assume,or a feebly penetrating P-radiation of the type given by radium B.The new methods of separation referred to consist in dissolving uranylnitrate in various solvents, acetone, various alcohols, methyl andethyl acetate, &c., stirring in a little freshly precipitated ferric hydr-oxide, and filtering. The filtrate contailling the uranium is found tobe quite free from uranium X, which remains with the precipitate.Another case of a feeble radiation previously overlooked is consideredunder actinium (p.363).@-Rays.-Important advances have also been made in our knowledgeof the P-rays, and a beginning, perhaps, made in a theory of themechanism of their absorption by matter, which is 60 markedlydifferent in nature from that shown by Bragg for the a-rays.It has always been suspected without actual proof that in thorium,as in radium, the P-rays result only in the last change, but until nowthe difficulty of separating thorium X from the later products, giving@-rays, has prevented a definite answer to the question. Levin3has investigated from this point of view both thorium and actinium,Phys.Zeit., 1906, 7, 913.Ibbid., 177.Phil. Mag., 1906, [vi], 12, 39RADTOACTlVITY. 349and has concluded that the only members of the series producingP-rays are in esch case the last, thorium B ( + thurium C ) and actiniumB. Thorium X carefully separated from later products of changepossesses only two or three per cent. of the P-activity ultimatelyattained, and actinium X is similar.A very complete examination oft the absorption of the P-rays ofuranium has ‘been made by J. A. Crowther.l As Rutherford hasshown, this radiation is fairly homogeneous, and absorbed according toan exponential law, 111, = e - where I is the intensity of the radia-tion, initially of intensity lo, after passage through a thickness d ofmaterial. This coefficient is notproportional to the density (p), and X/p varies from 6.7 for glass, mica,mood, iron, and aluminium to 13.2 for tin, whereas Lenard found forthe cathode rays of the Crookes tube that the absorption was strictlyproportional to density (Lenard’s density law).Godlewski has shownthat the P-rays of actinium are also homogeneous and absorbed ex-ponentially, while here the variations from the density lam are smaller.Crowther has determined X / p for thirty elements, and finds that thelatter arrange themselves in groups according to the groups of theperiodic table when the value of X / p is plott,ed against the atomicweight. I n compounds the absorption is strictly additive, and thesscondary radiation set up by the P-rays of uranium is much less thanthat produced by the P-rays of radium.H.W. Schmidt has investigated the P-radiation of radium (derivedfrom radium B and radium C ) , and made the remarkable observationthat within certain screen thicknesses the absorpt,ion of both typesproceeds according to an exponential law. I n this way he analysedthe P-radiation into five homogeneous types, three derived from radiumB and two from radium C. For the former the respective thicknessesof aluminium required €or half absorption are 0-0078, 0.087, and0.53 mm., for the latter 0.131 and 0.53 mm. He points out thatit is doubtful if such an analysis can have a real physical meaning,but if so, it seems to open the way to a clearer view of the mechanismof absorption.It seems possible, if the absorption of P-rays follows anexponential law, t h a t the P-particle passes through the atoms of mattercompletely unchecked until it is suddenly and completely stopped. Thisview accords with Kaufmann’s work that the velocity of the /?-particleswhich escape an absorbing screen are not retarded during their passagethrough the screen, and with Kleeman’s observation that ionisationproduced by P-rays after passage through a thick aluminium plateshows little tendency to initial recombination.Secondary Radiation of P-Rays.-This view accounts well also for theX is the coefficient of absorption.Phil. Mag., 19C6, [vi], 12, 379.Phys. Z e i t . , 1906, 7, 764 ; Ann. Physik., 1906, [iv], 21, 609350 ANNUAL RZPORTS ON THE PROGRESS OF CHEMISTRY.fact observed by McClelland, and receutly examined by S.J. Allen,lthat, the velocity and the penetrating power of the electrons constitutingthe secondary radiation set up by impact of the P-rays is not greatly,if at all, less than for tho primary rays themselves, for the'' stopping " of the primary rays may well consist in their being turnedthrough a large arc, as a comet a t perihelion, to reappear as secondaryrays at the bombarded surface. S. J. Allen repeated and confirmed byan electrical method the work of Kaufmann, and found also that theratio e / m of the secondary radiation, like that of the primary,incremes with the velocity of the secondary ray. McClelland andMcClelland and Hackett,3 in con tinuation of their investigations onsecondary radiation, found that the energy of the secondary radiationfrom a plate of lead, for example, was equal to one half of theenergy of the primary rays.The ratio diminished with the atomicweight of the metal, being lowest for carbon and next lowest, but stillabove 20 per cent., for sodium, aluminium, and magnesium. Thesecondary radiation of compounds is an additive function of the com-ponent elements, and can be calculated from the radiating power of theconstituents. The important influence of secondary radiation on theapparent coefficient of absorption of the primary rays is pointed out,and it is stated that owing to successive generation of fresh P-particlesas secondary rays the apparent distance penetrated by the primary raysis much increased.K.Seigl showed that the secondary radiation produced on impactby the &rays of radium is capable of exciting strong fluorescence inbarium platinocyanide. It was weakest for aluminium and strongestfor lead, increasing with the atomic weight of the metal, as McClellandhas shown. Using tinfoil, it was found that the effect increased withsuccessive numbers of layers of foil up to 50 layers.The Electronic Theory of Batter.--It may be stated without fear of con-tradiction that thetheorythat the atom is made up entirely or to any sub-stantial extent of electrons is now generally regarded as being verymuchopen t o question. From spectroscopic and other evidence it is certainthat electrons are universal constituents of atoms, but for the furthervery sweeping deduction that the atoms are composed of electronsthere never has been much positive evidence in the past, whilst againstthe view some definite experimental evidence can now be urged.It isinteresting to note that Prof. J. J. Thomson, to whom the electronictheory of matter is largely due, has himself this year brought forwardconsiderations which have practically madebthe theory untenable. Theview that the @ray electrons do not in their passage through matterdiminish continuously in speed, but proceed more or less unaffectedPhys. Review, 1906, 22, 375.Ibid., p. 27.Trans. Roy. Bubl. SOL, 1906, ii, 9, 9.* Phys. Zeit., 1906, 7, 106RADIOACTIVITY. 351until they are suddenly stopped or turned through a large angle toreappear as secondary radiation, bears upon the present question.Con-sidering the enormous number of atoms a p-ray electron can penetratewithout being greatly affected, and the certainty that the approachof the radiant electron to an electron in an atom must result indeviation or loss of velocity of the former, it becomes extremelydifficult to believe in the reality of the view that the atom is sub-stantially constituted of swarms of electrons in regular motion. Thepenetrating power of the @ray electron was one of three methodsdeveloped by J. J. Thomson 1 to determine the number of electrons inan atom, each of which led to the result, the importance of whichcannot be overestimated, that the number of electrons in any atomis of the same order as, and probably equal to, the atomic weight interms of hydrogen as unity, a conclusion which practically leaves thewhole problem of the ultimate constitution of matter where it was,and which is in sharp conflict with the electronic theory of matter,which assumed a number of electrons a thousand times greater.Thetws other methods of attacking the qLiestion depended, tho one on thescattering of Rontgen rays by gases, for which the work of Barkla onthe ratio of the energy scattered to that in the primary radiationfurnished the required data, and the other on the dispersion of lightby gases. In the latter method a light wave is considered crossingthe atom and subjecting i t to the action of the electric field in thewave-front for a period the longer the longer the wave-leligth of thelight.This field affects the displacement of the positively and negativelycharged parts of the atom in opposite directions, polarising the atomand increasing the refractive index of the medium. This polarisationand increase of refractive index will 'in general be the greater thelonger the wave-length causing dispersion, and the amount dependsupon the relative masses of the positive and negative parts of theatom. For the mathematical development of these three methods theoriginal paper must be consulted, The result that all but about onethousandth of the mass is associated with the positive part of the atomshows that an altogether exaggerated r8Ze has been attached to theelectron in the constitution of matter.A paper with revolutionary theoretical conclusions, which, howe vermust await further confirmation before being accepted, has been pub-lished by H.A. Bumstead on the heating effects produced by Rontgenrays in different metals. He found that the absorption of equalamounts of Rontgen radiation in lead and in zinc produced approxi-mately double as much heat in the lead as in the zinc. A somewhatcomplicated method of measurement was employed, depending on IIradiometer effect of the heated metal. The hypothesis is suggestedPhil. Mag., 1906, [vi], 11, 769. Ibid., 292352 ANNUAL REPORTS ON THE PROGRESS OF CHEMISTRY.that by means of Riintgen rays the atoms of certain elements may beartificially broken up and the internal energy liberated, causing theexcess of the heating effect observed, but such a fundamental con-clusion can only be accepted after the most rigorous and exhaustiveexamination.y-Euys.-J. J.Thornson1 has proved that the effects ascribed byPaschen to the y-rays carrying negative charges are due to secondaryradiation set up by the y-rays, and that the latter do not carrycharges. The same author has shown2 that prolonged actionof the y-rays on metals does not cause induced radioactivity,and Burnstead has shown3 that even when arrangements aremade to detect an extremely short-lived radioactivity, a negativeresult is also obtained.Schmidt found no appreciable y-radiation accompanying the newP-radiation of radium B. Stefan Meyer and von Schweidler foundsimilarly for radium E, the PLray constituent of radio-lead, that therewas no appreciable y-radiation accompanying the P-rays.If theyexist their effect is less than 0.03 per cent. of the ,&rays. The sameconclusion was indirectly drawn by Eve,5 and may be inferred from apaper by Giesel6 on ‘‘ ,&Polonium,” which, however, there is no doubt.owes its /3-activity to the presence of radium E.Eve showed that the y-radiation of uranium and actinium is morereadily absorbed than that from radium and thorium, so that by theuse of a screen consisting of 1 em. thickness of lead, the effect of theformer may be eliminated, a r d the rays penetrating such a screenused as a measure of the amount of radium and thorium, for example,in a mineral, without the necessity of powdering it or dissolving it,or even removing i t from its containiug vessel.On comparing they-activity of a kilogram of uraninite from Joachirnsthal, which containsall the disintegration products of radium, including radium E, in radio-active equilibrium, with that from a known amount of pure radiumbromide, which contains no appreciable amount of radium E, it wasconcluded that radium E either does not give y-rays, or more probablythat its y-radiation is, like that of uranium, easily absorbed. However,Meyer and von Schweidler have proved that no y-rays are emitted.Eve’s research had an interesting sequel. Even assuming thatthe radium E give no y-rays itself, the amount of y-radiation from themineral was low, so that the quantity of radium contained in it couldonly be one half of that to be expected from the work of Rutherford andBoltwood,T who found 0.72 gram radium per ton of uranium. ThisPTOC.Camb, Phil. Soc., 1905, 13, 121.Wien Anzeiger, 1906, 12 ; Xitzzsng, April 26th, 1906.Phil. Mag., 1906, [vi], 11, 586 ; Amer. J. ,S‘i:i., 1906, 22, 4.Ibid., p. 124. Ibid., p. 125.Li Ber., 1906, 39, 780. 7 Ann. lieport, 1905, 310RADIOACTIVITY. 353led these investigators to redetermine this conetant, 1 with the resultthat an error was discovered. It was found that about. one half ofthe radium in the standard solution had precipitated on standingwithout having been noticed. A redetermination gave the value 0.38gram per ton, a number agreeing with Eve’s measurements by meansof the y-radiation, and more nearly what is actually extracted inpractice, h later paper by Eve on the relative y-activity of radiumand thorium is considered in the section on raclio-thorium (p.362),and one on the y-radiation from the earth’s surface in the section onradioactive minerals (p. 359).Action of liltru-violet Light on Daferent Metals.-- Sir William Ramsayand J. F. Spencer have investigated the effect of ultra-violet light ona large number of metals and compounds. It is well known thatwhen certain metals, particularly zinc and the alkali metals, areilluminated by ultra-violet light, electrons are expelled from themetal surface, which, if negatively charged, is rapidly discharged bythe light.It was found that the order in which the metals arrangethemselves in their action under ultra-violet light is the same as inthe case of t’heir electro-potentials, exceptions being noticed in thecase of those elements, as iron, chromium, nickel, and cobalt, whichreadily assume the passive form. The compounds examined, sulphidesand iodides of the metals, discharged negative electricity like themetals, only more slowly. An examination was also made of the6‘ tiring ’’ of magnesium, zinc, tin, and aluminium exposed to ultra-violet light, the rate of discharge becoming slower with prolongedaction. They found on plotting rates of discharge against the timesof exposure that the curves showed a number of breaks correspondingwith the number of valencies of tho metals, except for aluminium,which showed at least five or six breaks.The authors interpret theirresults on the view that atoms and electrons may be associated inthree ways : (1) as in an ion in electrolysis ; (2) as in an electro-statically charged object, where the electricity is confined to the sur-face and may be likened to the wetting of a solid by a liquid ; and (3)in a more intimate manner, in such a way that the loss of an electronor electrons is attended by actual transmutation of the original ele-ment without the appearance of a positive charge.The ‘‘ tiring ” of metals under the action of ultra-violet light hasalso been investigated by H. S. Allen,3 who finds the process can berepresented as the sum of two exponentials, as in the case of two suc-cessive radioactive changes, and the author suggests that the metalsuffers by the process successive transformation into two new modi-fications, but leaves open for further examination the question of theAmer.J. Sci., 1906, 22, 1. * Phil. Jlag., 1906, [vi], 12, 397.a Proc. Roy. h’oc., 1907, 78, A, 483.VOL. 111. A 354 ANNUAL REPORTS ON THE PROGRESS OF CHEMISTRY.nature of the latter and the precise nature of the changes. Theseresults are too rocently published for full consideration.shows that the dis-tribution of the intensity of radiation in space from a surface coatedsuperficially, as for example in the case of radium C, with a radioactivesubstance is totally different from what mould obtain in the case of asimilar surface emitting light or heat.I n the latter case the intensityvaries with the cosine of the angle between the normal to the surfaceand the direction of the emitted ray, according to what is known asLambert’s law, and usually explained by supposing that the lightcomes from a sensible depth below the surface. 111 the case con-sidered the radiation is strictly superficial, and there is no cosine law.Many beautiful and striking photographs of the effects obtained inconsequence are given in the paper. I n a paper entitled “Fluor-escence and Lambert’s Law,” R. W. Wood 2 has imitated Rutherford’seffect for radioactive substances with a surface coated with a thinlayer of phosphorescent substance, by allowing, for example, a fine dustof Balmain’s luminous paint suspended in air t o deposit on thesurface.The glow from an uncovered radium preparation in air has beenfurther examined by Sir William and Lady Huggins,3 and byWalter.4 The phosphorescent glow extends about 2 cm.in air whenexamined photographically, and shows the nitrogen bands. The raysfrom polonium possess the same property, and Walter 5 has made theinteresting observation that the spectrum in the case of radium mostresembles the band spectrum of the blue cathode light, whilstthat ofpolonium resembles the red positive glow of a nitrogen vacuum tube.Stark6 has shown that the glow in the case of polonium is notaffected by an electric field, and argues that the molecules emittingthe light are not charged electrically.A.Miethe 7 has investigated the action of radium rays, presumablythe p- and y-rays, on a large number of gems, and finds that many showcoloration, whereas in the case of those brightly coloured originally thecolour is readily changed. A colourless diamond from Brazil showedno coloration after long exposure, but a Borneo stone, originally colour-less, turned bright citron-yellow in sixteen days, the colour being onlypartialry discharged on heating to redness.* A bright blue sapphire(corundum) from Ceylon showed a very remarkable series of colourchanges under similar treatment, passing through green and brightGeneral Properties of Badiationg.-RutherfordPhil. Mag., 1906, [vi], 11, 152.8 Proc. Boy. Soc., 1906, 78 A , 212.Ibid., 1906, 20, 327.7 Asm.Phgsik., 1906, [iv], 19, 633.8 Compare C. W. R., Nntzcre, July 19 1906 p. 271.Ibid., 783. * Ann. Physik., 1905, [iv], 19, 1030.(i Phys. Zeit., 1906, 7 , 892RADIOACTIVITY. 355yellow to a reddish-gold yellow, which was discharged on heating, butreturned to some extent when the stone cooled. Ruby, Ceylon chryso-beryl, blue topaz, and Brazilian amethyst showed no change, whilst acolourless quartz rock-crystal turned blue-grey very slowly. Twocrystals of Brazilian tourmaline, each colourless a t the one end and theone rose-coloured the other bright green at the other end, showed,when the colourless ends were exposed to radium rays, each the samebright coloration as that of the other end of the crystal.investigated the action of P-rays of radiumon a mixtureof hydrogen and chlorine, and found a slow combination,about half a C.C.combining in ninety-six hours. With hydrogen andoxygen there was no combiuation, and the work of B. Davis andC. W. Edwards,2 who found a rapid combination when the radium saltwas actually placed in the gas, is probably due to the action of thea-rays in the latter case and may, indeed, be connected with the knownlarge heating effect of the a-rays. Sir W. Ramsay has shown that theP-rays do not decompose liquid water. F. Kohlrausch found no suddenchange in the conductivity of water when traversed by P-rays of radium,but after prolonged action of the rays the conductivity very slightlyincreased. Kohlrausch and F. Henning4 found that solutions ofradium bromide behave as completely normal so far as their conducti-vity is concerned, and no peculiar behaviour due to the presence of theradium was observed.General Properties of Radium-The energy carried away by thepenetrating radiations of radium has been the subject of an investiga-tion by P r e ~ h t , ~ who finds that the heat evolved, measured in aBunsen’s ice-calorimeter, is increased 10 per cent.when the radium pre-paration is surrounded by 3 mm. of lead, but is not further increasedby increasing the thickness of lead. Obviously some of the p-radiation must be absorbed in the calorimeter itself even with un-screened radium inside, so that the 10 per cent. difference must be for8 part only of the energy of the P-rays. The actual heat evolutioncalculated for 1 gram of the element radium was 122.2 calories perhour unscreened and 134.4 screened.These are considerably higherthan the usually accepted values. These experiments recall those ofBumstead with X-rays on metals (p. 351), and may be found to beclosely connected with them.The sample of 25 mg. of anhydrous radium bromide used by Prechtin these experiments was sealed in a glass tube 2 mm. in bore and0.5 mm. wall thickness, and about eleven months after sealing explodedviolently.F Precht ascribed the explosion to the generation of suffi-,Jorissen and RingerBer., 1906, 39, 2093. J. SOC. C h i l i . Ind., 1905, 24, 266,Ibid., p. 96. 3 Ann. Phpsik., 1906, [iv], 20, 87.5 rm., 1906, 21, 595. ti Phys. %Lit., 1906, 7, 33.A A 356 ANNUAL REPORTS ON THE PROGRESS OF CHEMISTRY.cient gas (helium and emanation) to burst the tube, which, however,would probably require 20 atmospheres pressure.Mercanton foundno excess of pressure in a glass tube containing 15 mg. radium bromideafter it had been kept sealed for more than three years, and this isto be expected from the common view that the effect is due to electricalstrain, as the amount of gas generated from an anhydrous salt is forpractical purposes negligible even after long periods. Mercanton alsoshowed that radium emanation does not diffuse at all through glassheated to its softening point. Rutherford has found that charcoal atthe ordinary temperature po3sesses the property of absorbing the radiumemanation completely, so that the escape of the latter from an openvessel containing radium may be entirely prevented if the exit tube isfilled with charcoal.Loewenthal has investigated the physiologicalaction of the radiiim emanation dissolved in water and injected into thesystem. There does not appear t o be any injurious effect on healthysubjects, but with patients suffering from chronic rheumatism andsimilar infirmities there occurs a constant reaction after the treatment,accompanied by inflsmmation and swelling of the joints, which resemblesclosely the reaction induced by certain healing springs. The sameeffect can be produced by inhaling the emanation.W. A. Douglas Rudge 4 showed that the action of radium on steri-lised gelatin, first noticed by Butler Burke, is exhibited by salts ofbarium and other metals producing an insoluble sulphate, and is dueto the precipitation of the sulphate of the metal by sulphuric acid pre-sent in the gelatin.Purification of the gelatin from sulphate stops theaction, which can be started again by introducing a soluble sulphate.Radium has no specific action on gelatin apart from the barium pre-sent, and other radioactive substances not containing barium are alsowithout effect.Boltwood 5 has investigated the escape of the emanation fromthin films of radium salts carefully protected from the action ofmoisture in a desiccator. Mme. Curie has stated that the activityof a radium barium preparation increases to five or six timesthe initial activity after some months.If first heated to a redheat the maximum ultimately attained is half again as great, whileif the preparation is kept fused for two hours the maximum istwice as great. Boltwood evaporated a solution of radium bariumchloride to produce thin films, and observed (1) the minimum orinitial activity, (2) the equilibrium or maximum activity attainedafter the films had been kept some weeks in a desiccator, (3) thePhys. Zeit., 1906, 7, 372. Natzwr, Oct. 25, 1906, p. 635.4 Phys. Zeit., 1906, 7, 563.Q Proc. Comb. Phil. SOC., 1906, 13, 258 ; Proc. BOY. XOC., 1906, 78, A, 38006 Anzer. J. Sci., 1906, 21, 409RADIOACTIVITY. 357amount of emanation actually present in the film under the lastconditions, and (4) the total emanation generated in the same timeby a similar amount of radium in solution in a closed flask. In thisway it was shown that only about 70 per cent.of the total emanationis retained by the dry film and 30 per cent. escapes into the air. Thefinal activity that would be attained if the whole of the emanationwere retained is 596 times the initial activity. I n the case of a film ofpure radium bromide, only 45 per cent. of the emanation was retained.Boltwood points out that the ratio 5.6 to 1 is that of the sum of theranges of the four a-rays to the range of the a-ray from radiumitself, but this is probably a mere coincidence.Radioactivity of Thermal Springs.-A large number of papers, towhich only passing reference can be made here, have appeared on theradioactivity of thermal and other springs, and the occurrence of argonand helium in the gases therefrom.concluded from an examination of the springs of the Grand Duchyof Hesse that nearly all springs contain a radioactive emana-tion, generally that of radium, but in some few cases also that ofthorium.The amount does not depend a t all on the depth, tempera-ture, or chemical quality of the spring, but only on the geological rela-tions,-springs from igneous rocks being the most active, whilst thosefrom sedimentary rocks, and especially chalk and sand, are least. Themost active springs are some well-known healing springs, but by nomeans all the latter exhibit strong activity. At Kreuznach there is atrace of a radium salt itself dissolved in the water, as Strutt found forthe Bath waters.Further ref.erence to this spring is made by Gehlhoff ,2and other papers are by H a ~ s e r , ~ Ewers,4 Curie and L a b ~ r d e , ~ Dienertand Bouquet,G Mache and S. Meyer,7 and Moore and Schlundt.*Radioactive Minercds.-This section usually receives full considera-tion in the report on Mineralogical Chemistry, and it remains heremerely to direct attention to some mineralogical papers by PaulGaubert on the distribution of uranium at St. Joachimsthal and inS a ~ o n y , ~ and to an especially interesting paper by Marckwald lo on anew uranium mineral from German East Africa, more radioactive eventhan the Joachimsthal pitchblende. The mineral occurs disseminatedthrough the mica from the quarries of the Uruguru mountains, and isa black, crystalline pitchblende, more or less weathered into a pre-viously unknown mineral consisting almost entirely of the new com-pound uranyl carbonate, which is yellow and has never been artificiallyprepared.Marckwald suggests the name 6‘ Rutherfordine ” for thisH. W. Schmidt and K. KurzPhys. Zeit., 1906, 7, 209. Ibid., 590. 3 Iaid., 593.Ibid., 224. Compt. rend., 1906, 142, 146. Ibid.9 449.ler CongrBs pour l’ktude de la Xadiologie, etc., Brussels.Amcr. Electrochem. Xoc., Sept. 1905.Z e Radizim, 1906, 3, 1, 132 and 167. 10 Centr, Min,, 1906, 24, 761358 ANNUAL REPORTS ON THE PROGRESS OF CHEMISTRY.new mineral, in honour of the distinguished pioneer in the study ofradioactivity. The unaltered mineral mainly consists of U,O, (87.7per cent.), contains 7.5 per cent.of lead, has a sp. gr. 8.84, and is 20per cent. more active than the pitchblende of Joachimsthal. Theweathered mineral contains no less than 96 per cent. of uranylcarbonate and 1 per cent. of lead, with sp. gr. 4.82 and a radioactivityequal to the original pitchblende. It is greatly to be hoped that sucha valuable mineral will be found in large quantities.An andysis of the new mineral thorianite has been published byBiichner,l together with the proportion in which the activity is dis-tributed among the constituents. The quantity of helium is given as8.2 C.C. per gram, and the radioactivity of the sample taken for analysisas 83 per cent. of standard uranium oxide.Strutt2 has found traces of neon, estimated as about 1/300th part,in the helium from two radioactive minerals, zircon and cyrtolite, bothcontaining zirconia, by using Dewar’s process of fractionating thegases with charcoal cooled in liquid air.The same investigator hasmade an exhaustive series of analyses of twenty-eight minerals of theearth’s crust for the quantity of radium present.3 H e found theigneous rocks contained far more radium :than the sedimentary.Granite contains 9.56 x 10-12 gram of radium per gram of mineral, or25.2 x per C.C. of mineral; but these measurements must nowall be halved owing to the error previously referred to (p. 353) in theamount of radium in uranium minerals. The amount of radium neces-sary to maintain the temperature of the earth is calculated by Struttt o be about 1-75 x 10-13 gram per c.c., a quantity which is fifty to sixtytimes less than the average amount in average igneous rocks, andten times less than the amount in the poorest samples examined.The conclusion which Strutt drams is that the earth can only consistof a crust of igneous rocks some forty-five miles in depth, the interiorbeing entirely free from radium and composed of a totally differentmaterial, which is in agreement with the views of Milne drawn fromthe study of seismological phenomena, This conclusion has been thesource of much discussion, and many other explanations have beenadvanced.One of these, supported by Lord Kelvin, is that radio-active action ceases a t the enormous pressures inside the earth.Soddy * considered that Strutt’s results may perhaps be evidence infavour ot the view that there is proceeding in nature an as yet undis-covered process, complementary to disintegration, whereby the heavierelements are being slowly built up out of the lighter.Such a processmust absorb energy in the same relatively enormous amount in whichPVOC. XOY. SOC., 1906, 78, A, 385.Proc. Roy. SOC., 1906, 77, A , 472.B.A. Reports, York, 1906 ; Evolrition of the Elements, footnote.Natzwe, Nov. 29, 1906, 102RADIOACTIVITY. 359it is evolved during disintegration. Since the heat that must beevolved in the disintegration of the knowli amounts of radioactivematter in the earth is far in excess of that required t o maintain theloss of heat by radiation and keep the earth temperature constant,and since there is indisputable geologjcal evidence of the constancy ofthe earth’s temperature over a period estimated in hundreds ofmillions of years, there is at least now no a prio2-i objection to theexistence of an upbuilding process on the ground that the energyrequired is not available; b u t of course the whole subject is only a tpresent in the speculative stage.Eve,l in an examination of the radioactivity of the earth and atmo-sphere, showed that the ionisation of the latter is caused by they-radiation from the earth to the extent of only 1/16th of thetotal, the remainder being due to the radium emanation present inthe atmosphere.He calculates the quantity of radium in the earth’scrust necessary to cause the y-radiation from the surface to be1.8 x 10-11 gram per c.c., which is of the same order as, but about fourtimes greater than, the average amount found by Strutt in rocks.These two widely different methods of measurement of the radium inthe earth’s crust are thus as concordant as can be expected consideringthe nature of the quantity investigated.Advances in Expevimental Methods.-An ingenious device has beensuggested by Kurz2 for reading the gold leaf of an electroscope.A.circular segment is cut out of one side of the leaf near the end to beread, and a quartz fibre is waxed at the two ends and laid across thesegment, and attached to the leaf by bringing a heated rod near to thewax. The quartz fibre gives a fine image for reading in the micro-scope.Bronson3 has worked out a constant deflection method ofusing the electrometer, in which the ionisation current to be measuredis proportional t o the deflection of the electrometer needle instead oEto the rate of movement, as in the usual arrangement. N. R. Campbell4has devised a null method of working in which the ionisation currentto be measured is balanced against the current through a constantvolume of gas ionised by a constant quantity of uranium oxide, thepressure of the ionised gas being varied. I n this way the measure-ment is reduced to the adjustment and reading of a gas pressure.Polonium.-The controversy as to the identity of polonium andradiotellurium, which has long ceased to present more than anominal interest as to which of the two names should be retained, hasnow been ended.5 Mme.Curie repudiated and gave convincing proofPhil. Mag., 1906, [vi], 12, 189.Phil. Mag., i906, [vi], 11, 143.S. Curie, Phys. Zeit., 1936, 7, 146 and 180 ; Marckwald, ibid., 369 ; Meyer andPhys. Zeit., 1906, 7, 375.Proc. Camb. Phil. SOC., 1906, 3, 132.von Sclnveidler, ibid,, 257360 ANNUAL REPORTS ON THE PROGRESS OF CHEMISTRY.against the idea that the polonium as first prepared and named byher gave P-rays or was in a radioactive sense heterogeneous, andprotested against the period of decay as published long ago by herbeing accepted as giving more than the order of the time constant.A new series of exact measurements gives the period ono hundredand forty days, which conforms to that of Rutherford for radium Pand of numerous investigators for “ radiotellurium.” 1 The greaterresemblance of polonium to tellurium than to bismuth chemicallyis denied, and it i s pointed out that in the insolubility of itssulphide in ammonium bydrogen sulphide, and of its oxide incaustic soda, polonium resembles bismuth and differs from tel-lurium, ICIIme.Curie considers it self-evident that polonium, thefirst strongly active substance separated by M. Curie and herself bya method first used by them, must keep the name it received from itsdiscoverers. Marckwald in his communication agrees in future t o usethe name polonium instead of radiotellurium for his preparations, andit is to be hoped, this being the case, that the name radiotellurium willnot be further used.Meyer and von Schweidler examined poloniumfrom four different sources : (1) the residual induced activity c;f radium(radium P), (2) from radiolead (radium D, radium E, and radium P), (3)6‘ radiotellurium,” (4) from radioactive bismuth (“ polonium ”), andfound that all preparations possessed substantially the same rate ofdecay. The mean of the values for the period was one hundredand thirty-seven days.Thorium.-A summary of the physical and chemical properties ofthe disintegration products of thorium is given by von Lerch,3who himself has been one of the earliest and most fruitful in-vestigators in this field. Our knowledge of the radiothorium, andthe position of what has even come to be known as “ t h e thoriumquestion,” has been advanced one stage further by the successfulpartial chemical separation of this constituent from commercialthorium compounds by Elster and Geite14 snd G.A. 161anc.5 Theformer separated from the sediment of the hot spring at BadenRaden a preparation with all the characteristics of the thorium radio-activity, but many more times more active, the activity being per-manent over short periods. Seventy-five kilograms of these sedimentsfrom Bad Nauheim were worked up by Giesel, and gave a gram ofa radium-barium preparation of strong activity but practically nothorium activity. Twenty kilograms cf the sediments from BadKreuznach gave, besides strong radium preparations, small quantitiesAnn. Beport, 1905, 310.Jahrb.Bndionkt. El&., 2, 463.Ibicl., (320.Wiwz. Sitzungsber., 1906, 115 I1 A , 1.Phys. Zeit. 1906, 7, 445RADIOACTIVITY. 361of preparations with thorium activity fifty times that of thorium.With the experience obtained in the working up of these sediments,the separation of radiothorium from commercial thorium salts wasattempted. The principle of the method was t o precipitate a smallquantity of iron with the thorium solution, and to separate the ironfrom the precipitate with oxalic acid. In this way preparations wereobtained decaying rapidly at first (due t o the presence of thorium A andthorium B), but reaching a minimum (radiothorium only), and finallyattaining a maximum twice as great (due to the reproduction of thoriumX , &c.).These preparations consisted of thorium hydroxide with anactivity twelve times as great as the original material. The authorspoint out that radiothorium, like radium, is widely distributed, beingfound not only in springs and in the earth, but also in some varietiesof crude petroleum.G. A. Blancl first discovered that the deposits from certain hot springsat Echaillon and Salins-Moutiers possess thorium activity without anynoticeable quantity of thorium being present. Very active prepara-tions could be separated from the deposits possessing the characteristicthorium radioactivity in a very intense degree. H e succeeded inseparating radiothorium from ordinary thorium preparations 2 by pre-cipitating barium as sulphate in a solution of thorium nitrate, fusingthe precipitate with carbonate of soda, and precipitating the solutionof the carbonates in hydrochloric acid with ammonia.A fewcentigrams of thorium hydroxide with a trace of iron obtained in thisway had an initial activity ten times and a final activity thirty timesthat of ordinary thorium hydroxide. From six kilograms of thoriumnitrate was obtained a few milligrams of a preparation initiallystrongly radioactive but free from emanating power, and ultimatelydeveloping emanating power and radioactivity 5000 times that ofthorium hydroxide in equilibrium. Thus the separation from ordinarythorium compounds of radiothorium, comparable in radioactivity withthe preparations obtained by Hahn from thorianite, has been accom-plished ; but the complete removal of the active constituent is still veryfar from being accomplished, and she preparation of ‘‘ inactive thorium ”from active thorium salts has not been effected.The radioactivity of thorium minerals and salts has formed the sub-ject of investigations by Dildourian 3 and B o l t ~ o o d , ~ and thorium saltshave also been examined from a similar point of view by McCoy andROSS? The problem was to find the relation between the radioactivityof a thorium mineral or salt (due to radiothorium) and the thoriumPhil.May., 1905, [vi], 9, 148.Ibid., 1906, 7, 453; Amer. J. Xci., 1906, 21, 427.Phys. Zeit., 1906, 7, 482 ; Anzer. J. Sci., 1906, 21, 415.Ibid., 1906, 21, 433.Phys. Zcit., 1906, 7, 620362 ANNUAL REPORTS ON THE PROGRESS OF CHEMISTRY.content, the thorium being in all probability itself without radio-activity.Both Dadourian and Boltwood by different methods foundthat the radioactivity was proportional to the content of thorium, andtherefore that radiothorium must be a true disintegration product ofthorium. Dadourian measured the amount of excited activity pro-duced from the solution of a given amount of a thorium mineral, andused this as a measure of the thorium radioactivity. He found thisactivity, and therefore the amount of radiothorium present, to be pro-portional to the thorium content of the mineral as determined byanalysis. I n commercial salts, however, the activity in terms of thethorium content is only about one-half of that in minerals, whichpoints clearly to the separation of a part of the radiothorium duringthe processes, secret for the most part, by which thorium is com-mercially extracted from its ores.Boltwood determined the totala-ray activity of several thorium minerals, subtracted the part due tothe uranium present as determined by analysis, and found for fourminerals the thorium activity per gram of thorium to be a constant.Whereas the specific activity of commercial thorium salts mas only one-half of that of minerals, the specific activity of the salts prepared byhimself from the minerals was equal to that of the minerals. I n viewof what has been said (p. 361) on the labour and difficulty in separatingradiothorium from thorium, and the fact that in Hahn’s work onlyabout 2 per cent.of the radiothorium probably was separated fromthorianite, i t will be seen that the secret commercial processes are farmore effective in removing radiothorium than the known laboratorymethods. An investigation of the residues in the manufacture ofthorium salts commercially for the radiothorium separated had onlynegative results. From these researches it is placed beyond doubtthat radiothorium is R disintegration product of thorium with arelatively slow period (at least several years), that the change ofthorium into radiothorium is probably rayless, and therefore thatinactive thorium preparations should be capable of separation. Unlessthe initial change of thorium were rayless, the close agreement betweenthe results of Dadourinn and Boltwood obtained by different methodswould not have been shown.Eve1 measured the y-rays given out by known quantities of (1)radium bromide, (3) thorianite, (3) thorium nitrate, the last two con-containing a known percentage of thorium.He found that the ratioof the y-activity of the mineral to the salt for quantities containingsimilar amounts of thorium was 2.5 to 1, again pointing to the povertyof the salt in radiothorium. Hence it is to be expected that they-activity of a thorium salt should steadily increase with age as theradiothorium is reproduced, and an earlier suggestion that a kilogram1 Arner. J. Sci., 1906, [iv], 22, 477RADIOACTIVITY. 363of a thorium salt should serve as the standard of y-radiation is there-fore to be abandoned.The y-activity of pure radium bromide is givenas 4.5 million times that of thorium oxide containing the full equilibriumamount of radiothorium.The diffusion of thorium X in gelatin solutions has been inves-tigated by G. Hoffmann.1 The diffusion from an under layer to thefree surface was followed by measuring the emanation from the freesnrfsce, passing a steady air stream over it. He concluded thatthorium X diffuses as a single substance, and that radioactive bodiesin infinitesimal quantity diffuse according to Fick’s law exactly as withsubstances present in measurable concentration.Actinium-There are many problems of interest awaiting solutionin connexion with this body, and the almost perfect resemblance froma radioactive point of view between thorium and actinium has beenemphasised by several discoveries during the year.Hahn separateda product he called radioactinium, intermediate between actiniumand actinium X , and in every way analogous to radiothorium.If an ignited actinium preparation is dissolved in hydrochloric acid theresidue contains relatively a greater proportion of the radioactiniumthan the solution. A complete separation of the product is obtainedwhen actinium, freed from actinium X by repeated precipitation withammonia, is treated with sodium thiosulphate in acid solution.Amorphous sulphur is precipitated, and carries down the radioactiniumonly. Another method is also given depending on the partial pre-cipitation of actinium with ammonia when the active radioactinium isconcentrated in the precipitate.The ranges of the various a-rays havealready been given (p. 343), and also the conclusion that actinium B isthe only p-ray product (p. 340). The period of radioactinium is givenas twenty days, and actinium freed from this and the later productspossesses no activity, so that the initial change is rayless as in the caseof thorium. Godlewski in his seraration of actinium X 3 separated un-awares some of the radioactinium as well as the actinium X, whichaccounts for the low activity of the actinium record&d by him. Hahnobtained no evidence of the existence of any residual activity in thecase of actinium excited activity pointing to the existence of apossible actinium D, &c., analogous to radium D, radium E, andradium F.On the other hand, Meyer and von Schweidler4 detecteda small residual activity, +&$h of the initial, after the ordinaryinduced activity, produced from the actinium emanation after forty-eight days’ working, had been allowed to decay. But instead of beingA m . Physik., 1906, [iv], 21, 239.Ber., 1906, 39, 1605 ; ATatuw, April 12, 1906, 559 ; Phys. Zcit., 1906, 7, 855.Ann. Beport, 1905, 307.Wien Anzeiger, 1906, 12 ; Xitmng., April 26364 ANNUAL REPORTS ON THE PROGRESS OF CHEMISTRY.of a slow period, as in the case of radium, which is to be expected ofa product so relatively feeble in activity, it decayed regularly witha period of 11.7 days. The ordinary view leads us to expect that theproduct of the activity into the period should be approximately thesame for all the successive members of a true disintegration series,but the case in question, and alco the other new cases of the a-radiationof uranium X and thorium A , and the p-radiation of radium B,constitute exceptions t o this rule.We are faced with several examplesof ray changes in which the total radiation emitted is very much lessthan in other cases for changes in the same disintegration series. Themost important example of this is probably actinium itself.Eoltwood examined the relative proportion of the a-ray activity ofradioactive minerals due to the separate radioactive constituents, andfound it could be expressed as the sum of two factors, one dependingon the amount of uranium, and the other on the amount of thoriumpresent. McCoy2 found that the total radioactivity of five uraniumminerals not containing thoriam was proportional to the content ofuranium being alwajs 4.15 times the activity of the uranium present.This means that actinium must be a product of uranium, and that allthe radioactive constituents must be successive members of two series,that of uranium and that of thorium.The quantity of actinium, determined by separating it from themineral, is proportional to the uranium.The conclusion was drawnthat actinium must be a disintegration product of uranium. ButRutherford and Boltwood, in an examination of the activity ofuraninite, found that it was almost accounted for by the radium anduranium present, so that the actinium contributes but a small fractionof the total activity. Yet since actinium gives four a-ray products inits disintegration to five furnished by radium, it is to be expected thatthe activity contributed by actinium should be comparable to thatfurnished by radium. I n these circumstances Rutherford was in-clined to view actinium as a simultaneous side-product out of the mainline of descent, a'suggestion similar to that proposed in the case ofradium A and radium B, and since shown to be unnecessary. Herealso the most recent development seems against the view. Boltwood *separated as completely as possible the actinium from a kilogram ofcarnotite, and measured the amount of radium present in ths actiniumsolution a t first, and again 193 days later. I n this interval thequantity of radium was found to have increased from 5.7 to 14.2 ( x 10-gram), and the conclusion was drawn provisionally that actinium is thePhys. Review, 1906, 22, 320.Radioactive Transformations, p. 177.Nature, Nov. 15, 1906, p. 54 ; Amer. J. Sci., 1906, 22, 537 ; Phys. Zed., 1906,Phil. Mug., 1906, [vi], 11, 177.7, 915RADIOACTIVITY. 365parent of radium, and that the rate of production is approximatelywhat is to be expected on the view that all the radium in a mineralresults from the change of the actinium present. This, if confirmed,shows that actinium is in the main line of descent, and the relationsof theory and fact have assumed a kind of stalemate.Radiobad.-This substance, it is now quite clear, owes its activity tothe presence of radium E’ (P-rays) and radium E’ (a-rays) formedfrom and in radioactive equilibrium with radium L) (rayless). Althoughthe initial change of radium L) is slow, the succeeding changes aremore rapid, so that the preparation rapidly grows in a- and /%activity,and reaches an equilibrium after a year or two. Meyer and vonSchweidler by electrolysing the acetate solution with a current-densityof four microamperes per sq. cm. separated polonium (radium P).With ten microamperes both polonium and radium E are deposited,aud with 100 microamperes radium D also as well as lead separates.The period of radium E is given as 5-02! days. Giesel in his paperon /3-polonium gives a somewhat higher period, 6.14 days, whilstRutherford in his original paper gave 4.5 days.Elster and Geitel,’ starting from the observation of N. R. Camp-bell, that the natural ionisation inside lead vessels is abnormally large,and of A. Wood,2 that no emanation is given out by lead solutions, andthat the radiations from lead possess a greater penetrating powerthan the a-rays of radium, made a thorough examination of the activityof ordinary lead. They found that surrounding a zinc vessel with alead mantle reduced the natural ionisation 11 per cent., showing thatthe lead gives no appreciable penetrating radiation, but absorbs thepenetrating radiation from the earth discovered by Cooke. A kilogramof radiolead obtained from Giesel gave no radium emanation, althoughthe minutest amount could be detected. Using methods which wouldeffect the separation of the radioactive constituents from radiolead,they succeeded in separating from ordindry commercial lead salts pre-parations with feeble activity. The lead mas precipitated successivelywith hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, and hydrogen sulphide, and thelast minute precipitate of lead sulphide was feebly active and resembledradiolead. Since radium is very frequently contained in lead ores, itis possible that the radium D, which resembles lead chemically, isseparated with the lead and is the cause of its feeble activity. Thissuggests t o the authors an elegant piece of work, for old lead-forexample, that obtained from the roofs of old buildiugs-should not beactive, as the radium D would all disappear in two or three centuries,and unless the lead actually contained radium itself, its activity afterthis period should have completely decayed.FREDERICK SODDY.Phys. Zeit.: 1906, 7, 841. * PhiZ. Mag., 1905, [vi], 9, 550

ISSN:0365-6217    

DOI:10.1039/AR9060300333

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年代:1906

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INDEX OF AUTHORS’ NAMES.Abderhalden, E., 113, 193, 230, 232,Abegg, R., 37.Abel, E., 103.Ach, F., 174.Acree, S. F., 202, 224, 225.Aickelin, H., 166.Allen, E. T., 295, 297, 312.Allen, H. S., 353.Allen, S. J., 350.Almagia, M., 240, 245.Amos, A., 275.Andersen, A. C., 202.Anderson, C., 317, 322.Anderson, H. K., 249.Anderson-Aars, L., 320.And&, G., 274.Andrew, 0. W., 74.Andrlik, K., 290.Anschiitz, R., 102.Armes, H. P., 191.Armit, H. W., 204.Armstrong, E. F., 227.Armstrong, H. E., 12, 104.Arnoldi, H., 153.Arndt, K., 224.Arntz, K., 175.Ascher, E., 187.Ashby, S. F., 264, 265.Asij, K., 96, 261, 276, 280.Atkinson, E. F. J., 135.Atterberg, A., 47.Aufrecht, A., 213.Auld, S. J. M., 96, 213, 286.Austin, P. C., 172.Austrian, C.E., 244.Anvers, K., 131.Azzarello, E., 162, 168.Bach, A., 85.Badische Anilin- & Soda-Fabrik, 161.Baeslack, F. W., 253, 255.Baeyer, A. von, 127, 144, 147, 149.Baezner, C., 171,172.238, 243, 244.Bain, A. W., 178.Baiirbridge, F. A., 243, 246, 247.Balbiano, L., 103, 110.Balfour, B., 263.Baly, E. C. C., 26, 147, 148, 149.Bambach, A., 165.Bamberger, E., 163.Bancels, J. L. des, 25.Bancroft, W. D., 11Barbier, P., 175.Barbieri, G. A., 40.Barcroft, ,J., 248.Barendrecht, H. P., 29.Kargellini, G., 27.Barger, G., 96.Barker, L. P., 237.Barkow, C., 186, 190.Barlow, W., 2.Barschall, H., 37, 319.Barth, 224.Bartsch, 282.Bashford, E. F., 254.Basler, A., 246, 247.Basler Chemische Fabrik, 161.Bassett, H.,jun., 38, 42.Batschinski, A., 6.Battelli, F., 239.Baubigny, H., 205.Bauer, E., 16.Bauer, H., 138.Bauer, 0.) 38, 39, 43.Batir, E., 1, 18.Baxter, G.P., 31.Bayliss, W. M., 23, 233, 242, 243.Bechhold, H., 25.Beckmann, E., 161.Becquerel, H., 334.Becquerel, P., 281.Beddard,A. P., 246, 247.Beger, C., 293.Behrend, K., 173.BQis, C., 160.Bell, J. M., 43.Bellier, J., 218INDEX OF AUTHORS’ NAMES. 367Benedicks, C., 1, 318.Benedict, F. G., 238.Bennett, H. G., 215.Benrath, A., 170.Berend, L., 162.Bergtheil, C., 215.Rerkeley, Earl of, 8, 10, 11.Bernthsen, A., 158.Berthelot, M., 101, 276, 323.Bertrand, G., 89, 91, 96.Berwerth, F., 310, 331.Beschke, E., 77, 159.Betti, M., 128, 163, 188.Bettink, H. W., 222.Bevan, E.J., 94.Biffen, R. H., 289.Bigelow, W. D., 284.Biltz, W., 37,Bindschedler, E., 68.Bingham, E. C., 6, 7, 18, 21.Bircksnbach, L. , 32.Bishop, H. B., 207Blaise, E. E., 152, 178.Blake, S. A., 202.Blanc, G., 82, 139, 141.Blanc, G. A, 360, 361.Blank, O., 93, 213.Bloch, 204.Hloch, S., 115, 124.Bloxam, W. P., 215.Blyth, AI. W., 221.Rock, A., 52.Hock, P., 97.Hodroiix, F., 66.Hockh, H., 321.Hohme, R., 214.Boehriuger, R., 170.Hoeke, H. E., 44.Hottger, W., 201.Uogdan, P., 15.Bogert, M. T., 174.Bokorny, T., 280.Boltwood, B. B., 311, 329, 330, 352,356, 361, 362, 364.Bone, W. A., 73, 74.Bordas, F., 293.Borsche, W., 118, 122, 158.Bouquet, E., 357.Bousfield, W. R., 13.Bouveault, L., 82.Bowen, J. L., 220.Bowman, R.S., 224.Boys, C. V., 223.Bradley, H. C., 200.Bradley, W. M., 224.Bragg, W. H., 333, 334, 335, 338, 344,Braehmar, F., 57.Brand, K., 119.Braun, J. von, 77, 78, 151, 152, 169.BrCal, E., 279.345.heazeale, J. F., 277.Iredemann, G., 210, 265.Sredig, G., 29.fredt, J., 119.{reit, E., 138.{reuil, P., 68.hewer, C. E., 153.higgs, R. V., 215.3ril1, O., 21, 32.hillouin, &I., 14.3rodie, T. G., 234, 247, 248.hogger, W. C., 319.3ronsted, J. N., 4.3roids, J., 171.3ronson, H. L., 335, 345, 347, 359.3rown, H. T., 283.3rowne, C. A., jnn., 213, 285, 286,3rucknioser, J. , 324.Briickner, C., 46.Bruhns, G., 203.Brunck, O., 205.Brunel, R. F., 202.Brnni, G., 206.Bryan, T. J., 224.Bublitz, H., 119.Buchbiick, G., 17.Bucherer, H. T., 115.Buchner, E., 93.Kiichner, E.H., 327.Biihler, E., 171.Biihner, A., 132.Riilow, C., 158, 162, 165, 178.Bulii, J., 89.Bumstead, H. A., 351.Burmann, J., 106.Burton, E. F., 24.Busch, M., 105, 203.Buschmann, K. , 223.Busse, F., 162.BUSZ, K., 313Buttenberg, P., 219, 287.Euxton, B. II., 25.CafTart, 221.Calabresi, G. A., 284.Caldwell, R. J., 28, 94.Calkins, G. N., 253.Calvin, J. W., 203.Cameron, F. Ii., 43.Campbell, N. R., 359, 365.Carl, H., 187.Carlson, C. E., 221.Carlson, 0. F., 262.Carlson, T., 105.Carrasco, O., 160, 211.Carre, P., 163.Carroll, C. G., 19.Carughi, A., 170.Castachescu, N., 324.Castellana, V., 177,291368 INDEX OFCathcart, E. P., 234.Cazes, E., 33.Centnerszwer, M., 18.Ceshro, G., 52.Chablay, E., 71.Chabrik, C, 47.Chapman, A.C., 206.Charlton, 11. W., 262.Chattaway, F. D., 122, 131.Chick, H., 266.Chittenden, H. H , 235.Christie, W. A. K., 31.Cingolani, &I., 285.Ciuha, R., 116.Claiseii, L., 114.Clarke, I“. W., 321.Clarke, L., 71.Clausmann, P. , 208.Clayton, A., 124.Cleinent, J. K., 297.Clough, G. W., 128.Clowes, G. H. A., 253, 254, 255Cobleutz, W. W., 306.Cohen, J. B., 191.Cohoe, €3. A., 237.Cole, S. W., 160, 240.Coleman, C. J., 267.Collie, J. N., 83, 177.Collins, S. H., 208.Colmnn, J., 151.Colomba, L., 325.Cone, L. H., 119, 131.Conrad, M., 163.Cook, C. W., 316.Cooke, W. T., 35.Coppadoro, A., 37.Copeman, S. A. M., 253.Coppenrath, C. , 280.Cornu, F., 313, 319, 320, 330.0Cosyns, G., 118.Courant, S., 167.Cousins, H.H., 292.Couturier, F., 81.Crook, T., 318.Crookes, S. I., 180.Crookes, Sir W., 34, 259.Cross, C. F., 94.Crossley, A. W., 122, 139.Crowther, J. A., 349.Cullis, W. C., 246, 247.Cumming, A. C., 20.Curie, M., 356, 360.Curie, P., 357.Curie, S., 359.Curtius, T., 110, 765, 166, 176.Cushny, A. R., 245.Cuttitta, S., 172.Czerwek, A., 205.D’Achiardi, G., 328, 329.Dadourian, H. M., 330, 361, 362.AUTHORS’ NAMES.Daikuhara, G., 272.Dakin, H. D., 239, 240, 241.Dale, H. G., 125.Danne, H. A., 226.Danneniann, R., 155. !D’Ans, J., 36, 43.Darapsky, A., 176.Darzeiis, G., 127, 139.Davis, IL, 355.Davis, 0. C’. M., 115.Davis, IV. A , , 45.Davison, J .RI., 331.Ddy, A. L., 296, 312.Decker, H., 153, 155, 15Deckers, A., 205.Dedichrii, G. M., 162.Dehn, W. M., 226.Dejean, P., 38.Decker, H., 161.Dekker, J., 167, 191.Delacre, M., 130.DelQpine, M., 69, 200.Delezenne, C., 243.Deiiienitroux, M. , 33.Denicke, G., 174.Dennsteclt, If., 211.Denstorff, O., 122, 152.Deiizler, W., 171.Derrien, E., 218.Deschaner, A., 102.DesmouliBre, A., 219.Deventer, C. 31. van, 39.Diels, O., 48, 100.Dienel, H., 135.Dienert, F., 357.Diesbach, H. von, 102.Dimroth, O., 165, 166.Dinklage, K., 69.Dittiner, O., 136.Dittrich, If., 309.Ditz, H., 42.Dixon, W. E., 251.Doelter, C., 300.Doeltz, F. O., 45.Doenier, L., 41.Doerinckel, F., 48, 63.Doescher, H., 118.Donau, J., 69, 202.Done, E., 197.Drugman, J., 73, 74.Duboin, A., 46.Dorlencourt, 129.Dorssen.W. van. 72.33, 172.Drapier,’ Id,, 202:Driessen Mareeuw, W. P. H. van den,Duane, W., 346.Dukelski, M., 47.Dumont, J., 283.Dunlop, H., 219.Dunstan, A. E., 172.22INDEX OF AUTHORS’ NAMES. 369Dunstan, W. R . , 66, 96, 286, 327.Dnp16, P. V., 202.Dnttenhbfur, A . , 153.Duyk, M., 225.Dyer, I<., 275.nziewohaki, l i . , 1;9.Rherhard, CI., 34.JGlwards, c. w., 355.Edwarrls, W. H . , 26, 148.lhrlic.h, F., 112, 190.Ehrlich, I)., 254.Nibner, A., 1G2, 170.ICiiihorn, A, 102.lCIdrwi, F. K., 225.l+:llinger, A . , 160.Klster, J., 360, 365.Embden, G . , 238.Eniniett, A . D., 274.ICmszt, I(.. 321.El,liinger, H., 240, 241.Erlenmeyer, E., jiin., 110, 186, 190.11:i nest, A., 26s.E’:scoiiibe, P., 283.Killer, A , , 86.Ntiler, H., 85, S6.Evans, P.N., 24.Eve, A. S., 362, 353, 359, 362.Ewers, P., 344, 357.Epdnlan, F. H., jnn., 16.Palk, I<. G., 127, 172.Ynirto, R., 103.Farbeiifabriken vorm. F. Bayer & Co.,159, 169, 173, 176.Fartwerke voriii. hleister, Lnciiis, 6rRruning, 161.I’armer, 1:. C . , 104.Farnsteinei., I<. , 219, 287.Farrington, 0. C., 329, 332.Fay, I. W., 91.Fedoroff, E. S., 309, 311,Feilitzen, H., von, 260.Feit, W., 32.Pels, A., 158.Fenton, H. J. H., 203, 209.Fettweiss, J!’., 67.Fichter, F., 170.Fingel ling, G., 293.Fiukelstein, A., 44.Fiuke:ibeiiier, H. A . , 93, 213.h c h e r , E., 86, 87, 91, 108, 110, 111,112, 113, 160, 174, 175, 187, 228,230, 240, 243.Fischer, F.201.Fischer, H., 272.Fischer, O., 165, 175.Flaniand, C., 160.Flamand, H., 263.Florence, G . , 307, 316.EIllst, 11. lv., 171.VOL. 111.Focke, F., 324.Foerster, F., 207.Foote, H. W., 46, 321.Forerand, R. de, 35.Ford, W. R., 325.Eoregger, R. von, 42.FO~sSlier, G . , 238.Yoister, AI. O., 165.Fosse, E., 178.k’ournier, H., SO.Franini, F., 91.Francescoiii, L., 27.Yraiicis, F. E.. 116.Franyis, M., IN;.Fraiiklaiid, P. F., 195, 197.Franzcn, TI., 116, 165, 208.~ r ~ i ~ i s , G . 8., 269, 276.1 razei., .I. C. TV., 9.French, E , 224.Frriin?, M., 151, 182.Yreundlei., P., 138, 163.Frcnndlich, H., 22.Frcw, J., 196.Frideiicli, 1,. , ti.Vriedel, G., 314.Fried heiiii, C., 207.Friedlander, P., 161.Friedrich, H., 173.Friediich, K., 39, 40, 46.Frisbie, W.E., 253, 254.Frisoni, E.. 165.Fibhlich, E., 197.Froiiim, E., 166.Fiith, H., 242.Punk, W., 206.Gabel, W., 161.Gabiiel, S., 151, 164.Gaebel, O., 181.Gahitz, G., 122.Galimard, J., 221.Gallo, G., 32.Gardiol, A., 171.Gattermann, L., 116, 155.Gallbeit, P., 357.G a d t, H., 178.Gautier, A., 207, 208.Gawalowski, A., 44.Gaylord, H. l:., 263, 254.Gehlhoft; G., 357.Geiger, W., 110.Geisel, E., 36.Geitel, H., 360, 365.Gerlinger, P , 207.Gibson, J., 14.Gies, W. J., 280.Gie-el, F. O., 352, 365.Giran, H . , 55.Glasiuanii, B., 207.Glasser, E., 308.Foster, If. L., 210.B Godchot, M., 191.Godlewski, T., 363.Gockel, H., 224.Goessmann, G., 181.Goldberg, E., 26.Goldberg, I., 116.Goldmann, M., 120.Goldschmidt, C., 205.Goldschmidt, H., 197.Goldsch~riidt, V., 330.Gomberg, M., 119, 131.Gore, H.C., 225, 284.Gottschalk, W., 206.Goulding, E., 66.Grandmougin, E., 120, 167.Graumann, C. A., 45.Gray, C. W., 212.Gray, R. W., 30.Gray, T., 224.Green, A. G., 94, 147, 179, 211.Greeory, A. W., 212, 223.Grgin, D. J., 160.Grignard, V., 118.Grindley, H. S., 274.Groger, M., 68.Grossmann, H., 165, 196, 213.Grube, G., 46.Gruner, P., 346.Giilich, C. J., 223.Giinther, O., 172.Gueorguieff, J., 171.Guertler, W., 67.Gnignard, L., 96, 286.Guillet, L., 39.Gnlewitsch, W. von, 108.Gulinoff, G., 211.Guntz, A., 38, 42, 43.Gutbier, A., 32.Guye, P.A., 30, 31.Guyot, A., 180.Gwyer, A. G. C., 48.Haw, P., 212.Hackett, F. E., 350.Hackspill, L., 38, 42.Haehn, H., 80, 81, 225.Haga, 322.Hahn, O., 333, 337, 342, 343, 363.Hake, H. W., 253,Haldane, J. S., 223.Hale, W. J., 167.Hall, A. D., 271, 275, 277, 288.Hailer, A., 180, 191.Hamburger, A., 37.Hansen, C., 210.Hantzsch, A., 122, 145, 147, 149, 152,157, 158, 165, 176.Harnng, P., 209.Harden, A,, 204, 243.Harding, E. P., 225.Hardy, W. B., 232.Harries, C. D., 75, 76, 120, 121, 142,Hartl, F., 41.Hartley, E. G. J., 8, 10, 11.Hartley, H., 27.Hartley, W. N., 127, 143, 144, 331.Harvey, A. W., 189.Haselhoff, E., 265.Hasenbaumer, J. , 280.Hauser, A., 357,Hauser, O., 56.Headden, W. P., 315, 320, 321, 322Hhhert, A., 96.Hedin, S.G., 242.Hedley, E. P., 26.Heen, P. de, 280, 282.Heidenreich, 0. N., 319.Heintschel, E., 131, 132.Heinze, B., 265.Hendrick, J., 288, 292.Henning, F., 7, 21, 355.Henry, L., 71, 79, 82.Henry, T. A,, 96, 286.Heritage, G., 117.Hermann, P., 330.Herms, I?., 162.Herter, U. A., 210.Herzig, J., 178.Herzog, It. O., 29.Hewett, F., 31G.Hewitt, J. T., 172.Heydweiller, A, 3, 4.Heyl, F. W., 173.Heyn, E., 38, 39.Hicks, W. L., 131.Hidden, W. E., 311.Hiendlmaier, H., 37.Higaon, A., 97.Hill, A. E., 224.Hillebrand, W. F., 308.Hills, J. S., 122.Hinrichsen, F. W., 33, 207.Hiorns, A. H., 38, 67.Hlawatsch, C , 309.Hiinigschmid, 0, 34.Horlein, I€., 151, 182, 183.Hiirnstein, F., 90.Hoff, J. H. van't, 36, 294, 319.Hoffman, E.J., 9.Hoffmann, G., 363.Hoffniann, J., 47.Hoffinann, M., 272.Hoffmmn, W., 285.Hoffnieister, W., 42.Hofmann, K. A., 37, 153.Hogarth, J. W., 223.Holde, D., 211.Hollemann, A. F., 82.Holley, C. D., 218.Hopkins, B. S., 9.151.326INDEX OFHopkins, F. G., 160, 238, 240, 241.Horn, D. W., 202.Hornberger, R., 268.Horne, W. D., 290.Horton, H. E. L., 86.Houben, J., 90, 117, 118, 143.Houillon, L., 152.House, H. D., 280.Howard, B. J., 284.Howard, D., 292.Howell, W. H., 235, 252.Hiibner, H., 169.Huff, W. H., 337.Huggins, Lady, 354.Huggins, Sir W., 354.Hunt, W. F., 316.Hnssak, E., 307, 316, 319, 323.Hutton, R. S., 73.Inada, R., 240.Ingle, H., 269.Iysen-Innsbruck, C., 221.Irvine, J.C., 93, 95, 188, 194.Isaac, P., 27, 28.Isay, O., 174.Itallie, L. van, 221.Ivanoff, L. L., 307.Jackson, F. G., 225.Jackson, H., 73.Jacobs, W. A,, 111, 187.Jacobson, P., 131, 132.James, T. C., 134.Jamieson, G. S., 130.Jamieson, T., 263.Jannasch, P., 203, 206.Jaquerod, A., 4 1.Jarman, A., 225.Jaubert, G. F., 42.Jean, F., 218.JefTrey, J. A,, 268.Jelinek, J., 268.Jellinek, K., 22.Jensen, K., 217.Jensen, O . , 217.Jimb6, K., 332.Joannis, A., 36.Jorgensen, S. M., 69.Joliannsen, O., 35.Johns, C., 299.Johns, C. O., 173.Johnson, T. B., 130, 173, 175.Johnston, J., 20.Johnston-Lavis, H. J., 306, 307.Jolles, A., 213.Jones, B. M., 318, 327.Jones, H. C., 17, 18, 19.Jones, H. O., 198.Jones, W., 244.Jorissen, ITs P., 44, 355.Jonas, hl.J. A., 79.AUTHORS’ NAMES.,Jovitschitsch, BI. Z., 84, 100.Jowett, H. A. D., 66, 107.Judge, G. H. I%, 208.Jiiptner, H. von, 6.Jnngfleisch, E., 191.Kaas, C., 160.Kahlenberg, I,., 7.Kalle & Co., 161.Kalmthout, P. C. J. van, 209.Kanitz, A., 20.Kambersky’, O., 281.Kanolt, C. W., 17.Karo, W., 161.Kasarnowski, H., 37.Iiaselitz, 0.: 173.liaserer, H., 285.Kastle, J. H., 104, 210.Katsyama, T., 278.Katzenstein, A., 190,Kauffnisnn, II., 147.Iianffmarin, TV. P., 40Kay, F. W., 138, 140, 189.Iiaye, F., 220.Raye, J., 196.Kehrmann, F., 121, 149, 153, 157, 158.Kellner, O., 288.Kennon, W. L., 9.Kerp, W., 139Iiessler, A., 165.Kessler, J., 129.liiesel, A . , 253.Iiinch, E., 258.King, F.H., 268.Icing, P. E., 147, 179.Kirschner, A., 217.Kitchin, E. S., 35, 322.Klages, A., 129, 191.Klason, P., 79, 105.Kleeman, R. D., 335, 338, 340.Kleine, A., 225.Klever, H. W., 83.Iheisel, R., 151.Knoevenagel, E., 139.Knoop, F., 107.Knorr, L., 151, 159, 162, 182, 183.liohler, A., 162.Koenig, A., 312.Kijnig, J., 280, 287, 288.Konig, W., 1G7, 170.Iioenigs, W., 183.Konigsberger, J. G., 302, 323.Kohler, E. P., 117.Kohlrausch, F., 355.Kohn, hL, 45.Kohn-Abrest, I?., 287.Koniar, V., 67.Konto, K., 210.Kopecky, F., 215.Kopp, C., 161.B R 3’72 INDEX OF AUTHORS’ NAMES.Kostanecki, S. von, 167, 178.Kostytschem, S., 284.Kraf€t, F., 152.Kraus, E. H., 31 6.Kreniann, R., 103.Kretschmer, F., 308, 327.Krowalski, J.von, 259.Kriitzfeld, H., 151.KuEera, G., 341.Kiihling, O., 173.Kiihn, G., 37.Kiister, w., 159.Kunz, G. F., 320.liurnakoff, N. S., 36.Kurz, K., 357, 359.Kuttenkenler, H., 287.Laar, J. J. van, 11, 17.Laborde, A., 357.Ladenburg, A., 181, 198.Lyodzinski, Ti., 136.LainB, E., 266.Lam, A., 217.Lampe, V., 167, 178.Lampen, A., 51.Landolt, H., 3, 4.Lang, S., 239.J,ang, W. R., 40, 204.Lange, W., 118.Langley, J. N., 249.Lanzenberg, A., 91.Lapworth, A., 117.Lttrsen, B., 41.Laube, E., 155.Laue, O., 162.Lautsch, H., 142.Law, H. D., 206.Lawrie, J. W., 78.Lazennec, I., 127, 162.Lazzarini, G., 162.Leather, J. P., 214.Leather, J. W., 269, 287.Leathes, J. B., 234, 236Lebettu, P., 36, 38, 71.Le Chatelier, H., 44.Lefdbure, P., 139.Lefhvre, J., 282.LQger, E., 181.Legler, L., 86.Lemaire, P., 210.Lemoult, P., 78.Lendrich, K., 219, 287.Lercli, F. von, 333, 342, 349, 348, 360.Le Rossignol, R., 118.Leroux, A., 40, 46.Leuchs, H., 109, 110.Leuze, W., 39.Levallois, F., 47.Levene, P. A., 230.Levi-Malvano, M. , 45.Levin, M., 341, 348.LBvy, A., 208.Levy, 1,. A., 69.Levy, L. H., 46.Lewis, G. N., 17, 19, 40.Lewkowitsch, J., 103, 218.Leys, A. , 211.Liechtenhan, I<., 143.Liennu, D., 274.Lilienfeld, L., 161.Limmer, F., 165.Lindsay, C. F., 19.Lipstein, A., 238.Litter, H., 173.Littlebury, W. O., 188, 192.Ljnbavin, N. N., 108.Lloyd, T. H., 221.Lockemann, G., 242.Locquin, R., 82.Lob, W., 83.Liibering, If. , 170.Lijhnis, P., 260, 261, 269.Loevenhart, A.S., 104, 243.Loew, O., 86, 88, 96.Liiwe, F., 225.Loewenthal, S., 356.Logeman, W. H., 341.Losanitsch, S. AT., 84.Lossen, W., 98.Lossew, K., 68.Lottermoser, A., 25.Lowry, T. M., 194.Lubinienko, W. , 284.Ludwig, E., 310.Luhrig, H., 218.LundBn, H., 20.Lusk, G., 242.Luther, R., 26, 65.ICaag, R., 116, 172.Macalluni, A. B., 248.McClelland, J. A., 350.McClung, R. K., 340.McCollum, E. V., 173, 175.McCoy, H. N., 330, 361, 364.Rfacdonald, J. S., 233.MacDongall, F. H., 65.McDowall, J. , 225.McFarlane, J., 212.Mache, 357.Machida, S., 266.McKenzie, 141.McKenzie, A, 192.McMaster, L., 18.McMullen, A., 283.McNally, W. D., 167.McNeil, H. C., 304, 305.Magson, E. H., 194.h i , J., 125.Mailhe, A., 72, 137.Maki, S., 273INDEX OF AUTHORS’ NAMES.373Makower, W., 347.Mallet, J. W., 331.Mmasse, E,, 315, 316, 327, 328, 329.Manchot, W., 45.Mandel, A. R., 242.Mann, E. A., 220.Mann, G., 231.Mann, H. H., 258, 291.Manning, R. J., 204.Maquenue, I,., 90, 105.Marc, R., 34.March, F., 191.Marckwald, W., 132, 134, 185, 186,Marcusson, J., 103.Marignac, C., 33.Marmn, N., 271.Marsden, E. G., 26, 149.AIarshall, J., 165.Martill, M., 219.Marx, H., 201.Makek, B., 341.Mathewson, C. H., 38, 46.Mathewson, W. E., 203.Matigaon, C., 33.Mauguin, C., 169.Mauthner, F., 180.Mauthner, J., 193.Mayer, P., 190.RIayr, E., 233.Mehler, H., 32.Meigen, W., 176.Meiscnheimer, J., 93, 119.Meitner, L., 343.Meldola, R., 107, 125, 164.Mellan by, J.: 233.Menge, G.A., 173.Menten, M. L., 248.bIercanton, P. L., 356.Merck, E., 173, 174.Merk, B., 64.Merrill, G. P., 331.hlerrinian, H. J., 215.hlessel, R., 259.Neth, R., 185, 186.Mettler, C., 119.Meunier, L., 81.Jlerer, E., 341.Rfeyer, F., 41.Meyer, H., 106, 170.Jleyer, J., 45, 48.Meyer, R., 97, 118, 150.hleyer, S., 352, 357, 359, 360, 363,Michael, A . , 10.2.Rtichaelis, A, 163.Micherls, H., 280, 282.hlicklethwait, F. A l . G., 123, 159, 152.Niers, H. A., 27.Miethe, A., 354.Illillar, J. H., 283.192, 310, 323, 357, 359.365.Miller, E. H., 70, 216.Miller, N. H. J., 257, 270, 271.Millosevich, F., 324.Minunni, G., 116, 162.Rlohlau, R., 173.Moller, W., 207.hlonkerneyer, K., 46, 305.Moissan, H., 34, 38, 66.Molinari, E., 77.hIol1, L., 231.Moodie, A.AT., 93, 194.Moody, G. T., 30, 66.Moore, B., 252.Moore, B. E., 17.Moore, R. B., 348, 357.Morgan, G. T., 123, 124, 150, 152.Morgan, J. L. R., 17.lforgcn, A., 293.Morrison, C. G., 2’77.Morse, H. N., 9, 212.Morse, H. W., 317.Moscicki, I., 259.Moser, L., 206.Moureii, C., 25, 127, 162, 209.hliiller, C., 152.Miiller, E., 176.Miiller, I?., 89, 139, 167.Rliiller, W. J., 302, 323.Miintz, A., 266.Miither, h., 260.Mnlert, R., 169.Mulliken, S. P., 90.Illundici, C. XI., 163.hlnnson, L. S., 214.BInrinann, E., 31, 205.Nagaoka, If., 279.Namiknwa, S., 272.Nasini, R., 1.Nef, J. U., 78, 100, 105.Neil, A. A., 180.Neilson, C.H., 96, 242, 213.Neimnnn, E., 44.Neresheimer, H., 121.Nernst, W., 20.Neuberg, C., 44, 85, 87, 88, 186, 187,Necmann, B., 41.Neville, A., 189, 192.Nichols, E. L., 27.Nichols, H. W., 329.Niclonx, M., 104.Nielsen, C., 209, 225.Niementowslri, S. von, 172.Nithack, W., 174.Noelting. E., 170, 179.Norlin, E., 79.Northnll-Laurie, D , 73.Nottebohm, E., 176.Novak, F., 47.239, 252374 INDEX OF SUTHORS’ NAM’ES.Xowicki, R., 208, 223.Nutting, P. G., 308.Oakley, R. O’F., 172.Ofner, R., 96.Olszewski, K., 35.Omeliansky, V., 285.Orchardson, I. Q., 135.Orloff, N. A., 34.Orinerod, E., 104.Orndorff, W. R., 153.Ortoleva, G., 164.Ost, H., 94.Ostwald, W., 1, 248.Ouvrard, L., 47, 312.Paal, C., 37, 39, 80, 90, 91, 108.Padoa, M., 96, 159, 160, 170, 206.Palazzo, F.C., 177.Palladin, W., 284.Palmer, F. W. M., 252.Panchaud, L., 178.Pappadit, N., 25.Parker, J. G . , 215.Pascalis, G., 225.Passerini, N., 278.Pater, C. J., 167.Patterson, T. S., 195, 196.Patzig, E., 119.P a d , I). If., 192.Pauli, W., 232.Pauly, A., 311, 325.l’hcheux, H., 48.l’echmanii, H. von, 84, 162.1’6~0~1, A., 208.Pdlabon, H., 40.Pellet, H., 890, 291.l’ellet, L., 290.Penfield, S. L., 224, 321, 325, 326.Paratoner, A., 168, 176, 177.Perkin, A. G., 94, 96, 167.Perkin, F. M., 225.l’erkin, W. H., jun., 128, 137, 138, 140,141, 185, 189.l’eriiian, E. I?., 223.Perricr, G., 219.Perrot, F. L., 41.l’escheck, E., 225.Peters, W., 167.Petersen, J., 200.Petrenko, G. I., 40, 41.Petrenlto-Kritsclienko, 1’.I., 168.Petterd, \Ir. F., 306.Pfeiffcr, V. O., 39.l’feiffer, W., 240.Pfitzinger, W., 169.Pfliiger, E., 219, 237.Philipp, H., 42.Phillips, H. A,, 215.Phookan, R. D., 152.Pickard, R. H., 188, 191, 192.Pictet, A., 181.Pieraerts, J., 214.Pierron, P., 125.Pieszczek, E., 324.Pinner, A., 139.Pinoff, E., 209.Piolti, G., 314.Piorkowski, 222.Pirrson, L. V., 294, 321.Plancher, G . , 211.Plimmer, R. H. A., 243.Poschl, V., 299.Polacci, G., 86.Pollak, J., 178.Ponzio, G., 116.Pope, W. J., 2, 185, 189.Popoff, S. P., 307, 310.Posner, T., 134.Potter, C. E., 107.Prager, H., 121.Precht, J., 335.Prianischnikoff, D. N., 273.Price, J. S., 208.Priestley, J. H., 85, 282.Pring, J. N., 73.Prior, G.T., 309, 317.Procter, H. R., 215.Przibylla, K., 32.Pschorr, R., 136, 161, 182, 191.Piirdie, T., 93, 95, 194.Purvis, J. E., 267.Quenncssen, L., 69.Quensel, Y. D., 299.Rabe, O . , 48.Rabe, P., 159, 183.Racihorski, M., 283.Raikow, P. N., 116, 210.Ramberg, L., 188.Ramsay, Sir W., 353, 355.ItBy, P. C., 68.Rebenstortf, H., 223.Reese, H., 238.Reich, J. A., 36.Reichard, C., 210.Reif, J., 79.Raijst, J. J., 217.Reimer, O., 276.Tieiss, E., 190.lleiter, 13. H., 301.Reitz, H. H., 181.Reitzenstein, F , 169.Kengade, E., 36.Renouf, N., 139.Reynolds, W. c’. , -221.Rhead, E. L., 207.Richards, A. H., 65.Richards, T. W., 31, 32, 202, 225.Richai*dson, F. W., 220.Richmond, H. D., 216, 217, 293INDEX OF AUTHORS' NAMES.375Rideal, S., 221.Riegler, 203.Riesenfeld, E. H., 224.Riesser, O., 191Riggs, R. B., 211.Rimini, E., 205.Rimpel, C., 140.Ringer, W. E., 44, 355.Robertson, T. B., 20.Robinson, C. J., 162.Robinson, R., 128.ltoederer, G., 43.Rontgen, P., 39.Rogerson, H., 16s.Rohland, P., 29.Romburgh, €'. van, 72, 106.Rona, P., 244.Roncagliolo, C., 67.Roozeboom, H. W. B., 67.Rosanoff, M. A., 94, 193.Rose, R. E., 93, 95, 194.Rouenheim, O., 241.Ross, R., 214.Rosset, G., 54, 55.Rossi, L., 158.Koth, P., 151, 131.Bothmund, V., 81.Rothschild, J., 169.Roy, C. S., 162.Rudge, W. A. D., 356.RufY, O., 35, 36.Ruhemann, S., 128, 159, 165.Rnpe, H., 143.Rupp, E., 213, 224.RLISS, F., 85.Russell, E. J., 267, 270, 281.Rutherford, E., 330, 333, 331, 335, 336,Ro-S, W.H., 330, 361.337, 340, 345, 352, 354, 356, 361.Sahatier, P., 137.Sachs, A., 308, 315.Sachs, Franz, 114.Sachs, Fritz, 244.Sahlbom, N., 33, 207.Sahmen, R., 46.Saint-Martin, L. de, 223.Salomone, G., 279.Salm, E., 15.Sammis, J. L., 15.Samuely, F., 190, 239.Sanders, J. M., 225.Sarda, 221.Sattler, W., 159.Sautermeister, C., 158.Sailton, 217.Sautier, R., 191.SavarE, B., 96.Sawjaloff, W. W., 242.Schade, H., 28, 91, 92, 93, 107.Schaffer, P., 25.Schall, R., 123.Schaller, W. T., 308, 326.Scharfenberg, W., 206.Scharff, E., 200.Scheerer, T., 35.Schemtschuschny, S. F. 36, 41, 46.Schenck, R., 200.Schenk, C., 155, 156, 172.Scheuer, O., 151, 212.Schidrowitz, P., 220.Schindler, E., 175.Schittenhelm, A., 190, 239, 244.Schjerning, If., 283.Schlecht, H., 163.Schloss, E., 241.Schlundt, H., 348, 357Schmid, A., 172.Schinidt, H.W., 343, 345, 346, 349,Schmidt, J., 123.Schmidt, O., 53.Schwitz, E., 78.Schmitz, W., 108.Schneider, K., 166.Schneider, O., 309.Schneider, P., 2i2.Schonewald, A., 106.Soholl, R., 100.Schoorl, N., 209.Schreinemakers, F. A. H., 36.Schrott-Fiechtl, H., 217.Schryver, S. B., 231, 234.Schncht, L., 207.Schulten, A. de, 312.Schultze, B., 282.Schulze, C., 281.Schulze, E., 288.Scliwarz, J., 161.dchweidler, E. B. von, 352, 359, 360,Schweitzer, H., 80.Scott, F. H., 251.Scudder, H., 211.Sebelien, J., 259, 260.Seebach, M., 317.Seelnorst, C. von, 260.Seigl, K., 350.Seitz, W., 237.Sernmler, F.W., 114, 120, 140, 141.Senier, A. , 172.Seyewetz, A., 115, 204.Shepheard, F. G., 143.Shepherd, E. S., 296, 312.Sherman, H. C., 90, 209, 216.Shreve, It. N., 71.Shutt, F. T., 262.Sick, K., 252.Siebert, K. 180.Siedentopf, H., 37, 324.Siegfried, N., 109, 21i.Sikes, A. W., 231.357.363, 365376 INDEX OF AUTHORS’ NAMES.Silbcrrad, O., 104, 125, 162, 165, 179,Simon, L. J., 169.Sirnonsen, J. L., 137.Sisley, P., 175.%son, H. A., 69.Sjogren, H., 323.Skiliner, W. W., 279.Slator, A., 28.Sluiter, C. H., 39.Small, F. H., 215.Smart, B. J., 125.Smedley, I., 72.Smiles, S., 118.Sniith, E. F., 208.Smith, G. F. H., 309.Smith, G. IIcP., 46.Smith, N., 267.rSmith, TV., j a n ., 213.Snden, H. von, 142.Soddy, F., 344, 345, 358.Solingen, N. L., 284.Sorcnsen, S. P. L., 69, 202.Soncini, E., 77.Soxhlet, F. v m , 293.Spallino, It., lii.Spence Sr Co., P., 48.S~encer, J. F., 353.Spencer, L. J., 305.Spens, W., 11.Sperling, F., 209.Spezia, G., 313.Spieckrrmann, A., 287.Stacy, C E., 220.Stadnikoff, G., 108, 115.Stahler, A . , 32, 206.Staubk, T., 2’30.Stark, J., 27.Starke, J., 231.Stanclinger, H., 83, 134.Steensnia, P. A , , 210.Stein, 224.Stein, A., 116, 179.Stelzner. R., 161.Ste/ianoff, A., 218.Stepliens, F G. C . , 125.Stern, L., 239.Stmart, A. IV., 26, 148, 149.Stobbe, H., 125, 168.Sto-k, A . , 209, 225.Stockein, I,., 42.Stoernier, R . , 129, 167.Stolilri~;~, J., 264, 268, 286.Stolld, K., 165, 180.Stiiitt, It.J., 327, 368.Stubhs, J. A , 1‘72.Stntzer, A., 260, 274. 2i9, 282.Sndhorongh, J. J., 134.Susskind, E., 80.215.Stol,r, E , 119.Stollberg, IS., 228.Suinnleann, C‘., 136.Sutcliffe, R., 221.Sutherland, W., 13.Suznki, S. 271.Svedberg, T., 24.Tabor, W. C., 43.Tnfel, J., 119.Talon, (Mlle,), 214.Tambor, J., 176.Tamburello, A., 177.Tarnniatrn, G., 66, 67.Tanaka, S., 273.Tannhinser, F., 191.Tanrct, G., 89.Taponier, E., 44.Tariigi, N., 42, 204.Tassin, W., 330, 331.wiocic, R. R., 287.Tanb, I>., 166.Taylor, AT., 81.Teagne, O., 25.Tempany, H. A . , 290.Ter-Gazarian, G., 31.Terry, 0. P., 243.‘i’heodorovits, I<., 99.Thielc, H., 285.Tliiele, J., 127, 132, 134, 172.Thielc, R., 264.Tliieme, C., 76.Thomae, K., 180.Thoinas, &I.B., 198.Tlionias, N. G., 27.Thomas, V., 48.Thompson, J. F., 70.Tliompsoii, J., 166, 176.Tliomsen, H. 1’. J. J., 43.TIioins~ii, J. J., 3, 335, 350, 351, 352.Tlioinson, I<. l’., 287.Thorp, -4. CV.: 218.Thorp, J. F., 97, 135, 141, 168.Thorpe, T. E., 216, 222.Tice, W. G., 21ti.Tickle, T., 177.Tiesenholt, W. vcw, 42.Tiffenenn, If., 129.Tilden, W. A,, 143.Tiniiiiei~iiii~ns, J., 19.Tingle, J. 13., 16%.linlrler, C. K., 26, 156.Tischkow, 1’. , 116.Titlierley, A. W., 131.Togel, I< , 118.Tollens, II., 153.l’orresc, R., 193.Toth, J., 292.lrannny, lt., 33.Tmsriatti, D., 11 0.Tranbe, W., 106, 17.1.Travers, M. W., 24.Treadwell, F. P., 31.r IKDEX OF AUTHORS' KAMES.377Treff, TI7., 142.'l'reitsclike, W., 66.Trevor, J. E., 13.Trillat, A., 88, 217.Tscl~ern1:lk, G., 303.'l'scliitscliib:lbiii, A. E. , 168.Tschugaeff, L. , 203.T ~ c k e r , S. R., 51.Twiss, L). F., 197.Twitchrll, E., 105.Tui*k, \Y. I<., 26.T~bbcloliile, T,., 22.5.U(~1iiyaiiia. S . 280.Orl<ewitscli, E., 210.Ulbricht, R., 272.Ullmann, F., 116, 171, 172, l7S, 179,Ulpiani, C., 285.Ulrich, I<., 223.lingernach, 314, 315, 326.Urbain, G., 33, 34.Crban, J., 277, 290.Usheis. F. I,., 85, 282.Utz, F., 214.Vale11tu, E., 214, 224.Thinossy, Z dc, 207.Vmino, L., 41, 44, 56.Vaiizetti, 13. L., i 2 .Veubel, W., 151, 212.Teley, V. H., 220.Vrrdier, E., 221.Viqnon, I,., 105.Vigoiirous, E., 38, 48, 66, 68.Tille, J., 218.Yilliers, A., 223.Villiers, 1<., 224.Virgili, T.F., 201.Vitek, X., 268.7-ogelsang, W., 2i3.Yo$, J. H. L., 301.Toisenet, E., 211.T\'ortgerichten, E., S9, 136, 167.Vorlmder, D., 16s.Votozek, E., 89.Vuc'nilc, M., 301.Yogcl, R., 41.Wadn, T,, 322.Wagener, F., 153.Wagner, P., 261.Walden: P., 17, 18, 113, 195.Wddeii, P. T., 321.Walker, J., 19, 20, 72.Walker, J. T. A., 221.IValker, P. H., 214.Wallace, W. I!., 224.Wallach, A., 37.Wallach, O., 130, 137, 139, 140, 142,143.Walter, B., 354.\Yalther, R. von, 166.Warburg, O., 111, 188, 190.Warren, C. H., 311.Wartenberg, H. von, 39.\Vaqinus, T., 108.Watson, E. R . , 40.Watts, F , 290.Kedekind, E., 138, 197, 1-98, 224.Weidenknfl, E., 80, 91, 108.Weidlich, It., 158.Weindel, A., 165.Weingartner, E., 211.Wcinland, E., 243.\Yeiiischenk, E., 321.Weisswnnge, W., 138.Weizmann, C., 135.Wells, It. C., 202.Werner, A., 30, 68, 69, 123, 167.Wertheimer, F., 130.Weyberg, Z., 35.IVeyl, 'P., 77.Wheeler, P., 19.Wlietliaiii, W. C. D., 8.'JvThite, W. P., 295.Whitsoii, A. R., 265.TVieland, H., 124.M'iencke, L., 196.Wiener, H., 245.Wijsman, H. l'., 217.Wiidi, S., 163.Wiley, H. W., 289.IVVillielnii, A., 325.Wilke-Dijrfurt, E., 37.M illcock, E. G., 238.Williams, P. M., 225.IViItiaiiis, K. H., 90, 209.TVilliams, R. S., 48.Willstatter, R., 120, 121, 160.IYiiidaus, A., 107, 164.IVi~idisch, W., 274.Winter, I?., 174.Wiriteisoii, JV. G., 35, 322.M h t h e r . C . , 198, 195.IVinton, A. L., 258.Wirther, R., 161.IVislicenus, H., 21.5.Wiklicenus, W., 159.Witlirow, J. R., 208.Witt, 0. N., 211.Witte, E., 170.WoliI, A., 80, 85.IVohlcr~, E. H., 224.Wohlgeiiiuth, J., 239.TVohltmann, F., 272.Wolf, B., 45, 100.Wolf, K., 285.Wolters Phosphat. Gesellscliaft, 273.Wood, A., 365.wein, E., 261.~~011ier, L., 37, 99378 INDEX OF AUTHORS’ NAMES.Wood, J. K., 20, 72, 174.Wood, R. W., 354.Wren, H., 192.Wright, F. E., 296, 297, 312.Wiirsch, A., 155, 156.Wiist, F., 67, 68.Wuyts, H., 118.Yates, J., 188, 191.Ykgounoff, AT., 25.Young, C. R., 93, 194.Young, G., 180.Young, W. J., 243.Zadwidzki, J. von, 168.Zaleski, W., 274.Zambonini, F., 304, 328.Zart, A., 163.Zeitschel, F. 0.) 143.Zelinsky, N. D., 82, 110, 115.Zemjatschensky, P. A., 310.Zempldn, W., 13.Ziegler, J., 25.Zilg, A., 163.Zimmermann. F., 116, 203.Zincke, T., 122, 180.Zoneff, N., 168.Zortmann, I. H., 191.Zweifel, 242

ISSN:0365-6217    

DOI:10.1039/AR9060300366

出版商:RSC    

年代:1906

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.Acetals, preparation of, 80.Acetamide, preparation of, 106.Acetone, 81. -- estimation of, 213.Acetylene, 73, 74.Acids, affinity constants of, 15, 20.Aconitic acid, a-cyano-, ethyl ester of,Acridine, 171.-- methiodide, 156.Acridinium compounds, 172.Acridylbenzoic acid, 255.Acridylpropionie acid, 156.Actinium B, 349.-- X , 363.Acyloins, 82, 83.Adenase, 245.Adsorption, 22.Alanine, 190.Alcohols, 79.-- estimation of, in spirits, 220.Aldehydes, 79.-- preparation of, 116, 130.A ldehy dobispyrazolones, 163.Aliphatic acids, halogen derivatives of,Alizarin-blue, 169.-- amide, 169.Alkaloids, 181, 210.Alkyl bromides, preparation of, 80.Alloxan, 173.Alloys, 46.Aluminium salts, influence of, in agri-Alypine, reactions of, 210.Amides, preparation of, 106.Amino-acids, 238, 239.-- preparation of, 108.Ammonium bases, quaternary, 197.-- tri-iodate, 203.Anagyrine, 181.Analysis, organic, 209, 211.Anhydrite, 294.Anilinophenazthionium chloride, 15s.168.98.culture, 280.Anthraniloacetic acid, 161.Anthraquioone, 135.-- B-amino-, 169.Antimony, alloys of, 68.- compounds, 56.- separation of, from tin, 205.Antipyrine, test for, 209.Apatite, 313.Apiose, 89.Apophyllite, 313, 328.Apparatus, new f o r m of section, 223.Arginine, 191.Argon, 35.Arsenic, detection of, 221.- estimation of, 206,207, 222.- pentafluoride, 56. - sulphides, 55.Assimilation, by plants, 282.Atomic theory, 1. - weights, revision of, 30.Atoms, structure of, 3.Atropine, absorption of, by the body,Azodiphenyl, diamino-, 121.Azoindnzole, 163.Axotobacter C ~ ~ O O C O C C Z G ~ Z , fixation of nitro-gen by, 264.Bacillus methaniczu, 285.Bncilhs mycoides, action of nitrogeno1isBacillus subtilis, 268.Bncteria, action of carbon dioxide 011,- action of light on, 285.Bacterium Rartlebi, 268.Bacterium vulgare, action 011 nitro-genous matter, 269.Barbituric acid, 173, 176.Barley, influence of manures on, 289,Bellite, 306.Benzaldehydephenylhydrazone, 164.- action of light on, 131.Benzaiithronequinoline, 169.221.matter, 269.285380 INDEX OFBenzeiie-o-azob~iizoic acid, 1 63.Benzenesulph on y 1 - 1 : 8 - naph thylenedi-Renzidine, oxidation of, 121.Henziininazoles, 164.Benzo-6-chlorobutylainide, 159.Benzoic acid, 2-chloro-3 : 5-dinitro-,172.- acids, chioronitro-, dibromo-, andclinitro-, 2-menthyl esters of, 191.1 : 4-Benzoquinoneimine, 2-amino-, 121.A'-Benzoyl-l : 2-dihydroquinoline, 170.IZenzoyl nitrate, 116.Renzoyl pyrrolidine, 159.Henzoyl-dl-serine, p-nitro-, 187.Eenzoylhenzylideneindene, 133.0- Benzylenebenziminazole, 128, 173.nenzplidene, 133.Benzylidene-&naphthol, dl-amino-, 188.Herbwine, 210.Herthierite, 313.netaine, sepsration from choline, 220.Bisdiazoacetic acid, 17 6.Hismuth, atomic weight of, 32._- compounds, 56.-- estimation of, 206.Hispiperidoniuin bromide, 151.His triazobenzene, 125.I-fleachine powder, 42.Blood stains, testing of, 221.Boleite group of minerals, 314.Berates, 47.Boric acid, estimation of, 204.Rorneol, 143 - carboxylic acid, 119.- thio-, 118.Horny1 acetate, 143.Iloronatrocalcite, 295.Boron carbide, 50.lloryltartaric acid, 196.Fliazilin, 178.Kreuanerite, 314.Kromination, 122.Bromine, atomic weight of, 31.-- separation of, from chlorine, 203.Bromous acid, 65.Rrueine, 221.I-fuchn-camphor, 141.Butane, a&dichloro-, 159.2- ~atylpyrrolidine, 152.Cnbrerite, 315.Cadmium, atomic weight of, 31.- estimation of, 205.(ksiuin snlphides, 37.Caffeine, 174.Calcite, 316.Calcium, alloys of, 42. - borate, 295. - carbonate, hydrated, 307.- chloride, formation of, 294.aniine, diazo-c*om pound of, 123.5 UBJECTS.Calcium, cyanamide, manuring experi-- estimation of, 205.- nitrate, production of, 259. - silicates, 297.a-Camphidone, 119.&Camphidone, 119.Camphor, +-xemicarbazino-, 165.Caniphoric acid, synthesis of, 141.Camphors, 140.Camphoryl-+-carbamide, 165.Cancer, 252.Carbithionic acids, 118.Carbohydrates, 89. - test for, 200.Carbon, 49.- dioxide, estimation of, 208, 212.- monoxide, estimation of, 208. - suboxide, 49, 101.Carbonyl, determination of, i n organiccompounds, 213.isoCarvoxime, 142.Casein, determination of, in cheese, 217.Cassava, 292.Catechin, 167.Celestine, 316.Cellulose, nitro-, hydrolysis of, 104, 105. - triacetate, 94.Cerium compounds, 34.Chabazite, 328.Chalmersite, 316.Chloral hydrate, identification of, 222.Chlorides, mutual relation of fused, 305.Chlorination, 122.Chlorine, 63.- interaction of, and hydrogen, 64.- peroxide, 64, 65.- separation of, from bromine, 203.Chlorite group of minerals, 316.Chlormanganokali te, 306.Chlornatrokalite, 307.Chlorophyll, hydrolysis of, 160.Cholestene dibromide, 193.Choline, separation from betaine, 220,Chromium and its compounds, 55.Chrysaniline, 172.Chrysotile, 304.Chrysophenol, 172.Cinchene, 183.Cinchona, alkaloids, 183. - bark, 292.Cinchonine, 183.Cinchotoxine, 183, 184.Ciiiiiarnic acids, 186. - chloro-, preparation of, 134.Citral, 143.Clintonite, 316.Clostridium gelatinostcm, in soils, 268.Cobalt, atomic weight of, 31.Cobaltammine salts, 68.Cocaine, tests for, 210.ments with, 260INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 381Cocoanut oil, detection of, in butter,217, 218.Codeiue, 181.- hydroxy-, 18%+-Codeine, 183.Codeinone, 182.Codide, chloro-, 183.Coeramidene compounds, 153.Coeramidonine, 155.Coeroxene coinpowids, 153.Coerosoniom salts, 154.Coerthiene compounds, 153.Coerulein, 153.Colemanite, 295.Colloids, 24, 25.Colorinietry, 202.Colour and constitntion, 144.Comanic acid, 177.Combustion, 73, 74.Comenic acid, 177.Condensation, 125.Coniine, 181, 198.Copper, alloys of, 38, 39.7 atomic weight of, 31. - electrolytic estimation of, 208. - salts, influence of, in agricultnro,- volumetric estimation of, 207.Cotarnine, 181.Coumaran, 2-amino-, 167.Couniarin, 152. - &amino-, 152.Cyanamides, 125.Cyanogenesis in plants, 286,Cyanuric acid, 176.Cytosine, 5-hydroxy-, 173.Datolite, 316.Decamethyleneimine, 152.Denitrification in soils, 265.Dextrose, detection of, 209.Diacetglthionine, 158.Dialuric acid, 173.Diamond, 3 12.Diarylglyoxinie peroxides, 116.o-Diazines, 172.y-Diazines, 175.Diazoacetic acid, ethyl ester of, 162.Diazoamines, cyclic, 150.Diazo tisa tion, 12 3.Dicarboxyaconitic acid, methyl ester,Diet, amount of protein in, 235.a-Dlethoxydinaphthastilbene, dibrom-5 : 5-Diethylbarbituric acid, 175.Diethylcyanine, 170.Dihydroacridine, absorption spectrumDihydrocarvone, cyano-, 117.- hydr~xy-, 177.279.102.ide, and tetraiodide, 122.of, 156.Dihydroisolaurolene, 139.2 : 3-Dihydro-3-methyliudene-2-carb0xy-d-A2-Dihydro- 1 -naph th oic acid, 1 9 2.Diliycirophenanthridine,Dihydrophthalic acids, 189.4 : 5-Dihydropyrazole-3 : 4 : 5-tricarboxy-isoDihydrotetrazines, 152.ad-Diketopiperazines, 175.1 : 3-DiketotetramethylcycZobutane, 138.3 : 4-Dimethoxy-8-rnethylphenanthreiie,Dimethyl-y-chloropropylamine, 151.s-Dimethyi-4 : 6-diamiuo-.m-sylene, 124.Dimeth yltli-isobntylethant., 7 1.2 : 4-Diniethylglyoxaline, 164.sy?,L-Dimethylhydrazine, 162.1 : 4-Dimethylimitiazole, 107.Dimethylketene, 83.1 : 5-Dimethylcyclooctadienc (i : 5 ) , 142.Dimethylphenazthioniulti chloride, 158.Dimethylpyrone, 153, 178.Dinaphthacridines, 172.Di-8-naphthoxydiphenylmethane, 128.Dinaplithylene dioxide, 156, 180.Diphenylacetaldehyde, 129, 130.o-Diphenylene dioxida, 179.Diphenyleneketene, 134.Diphenylethylene glycol, 80.1 : l-Diphenyl-d-galactohexitol, 91.Diphenylhexitol, 9 1.Diphenylketene, 134.2 : 6-Diphenyl-1 : 3 : 4-oxadinzole, 180.2 : 6-Diphenylpiperidone-3 : 5-dicarbosy-1 : l-Diphenyl-d-sorbitol, 91.1 : 5-Dipheayl-l : 2 : 3-triazole-4-arnino-,Disinfectants, testing of, 221.Dithiobinret, phenyianiino-, 166.Dundasite, 317.Dyestuffs, identification of, 211.Dysprosium, atomic weight of, 33.Earths, rare, 33.- atomic weights of, 32.- elements of, 32.Eggs, preservation of, 292.Electrical conductivity, 15.Electrons, 351.Enzymes reactions, 28.Enzymes, 242, 286.Equilibrium, chemical, 20, 22.Esterification, method of, 116.Esters, hydrolysis of, by lipase, 104. - preparation of, 118.Ethyl alcohol, preparation of, 79.Ethylaniline, hydroxy-, 161.5-Ethylbarbituric acid, 175.lic acid, 183.a bs o r p t i o nspectrum of, 156.lic acid, ethyl ester of, 162.136.lic acid, inethyl ester of, 168.166382 INDEX OFEthylene, combustion of, 74.u-Ethylthiocodid e, 191.Enxanthone, 178.Fat, estimation of, in milk, 217.Fats, saponification of, 103, 105.Felspars, melting points of, 300.Ferment, nricolytic, 245.Fermentation, 28, 243, 285.Fischer’s salt, composition of, 68.Fluoran, 154, 179.Fluorescence, 26, 27.Fluorine, 63.- detection of, in food, 218.- influence of, i n agriculture, 280.Fluorite, 317.Foods, 287.Food-staffs, detection of lweservative9in, 218.Formaldehyde, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88. - condeiisation of, t o siigars, 87.- estimation of, 213.Forsterite, 312.Fuchsone, liydroxy-derivatives of, 145.Fulgenic acids, 125, 126.E’ulgides, 125, 126, 168.Fulminic acid, constitution of, 100.Fulvene cleiivatives, reduction of, 132.Fumai~ylglycidic acid, 99.Furan group, 167.Garnets, 317.Gases, analysis of, 208, 209.Geikielite, 318.Geraiiiol, 142, 143.Germination, influence of salts on,- influence of carbon dioxide on,Glaserite, 319.Glauherite, 294.Globulins, 231.Glucinum, estimation of, 207.Glucosides, 95, 286.Glycerol, detection of arsenic in, 221.Glycogen, estimation of, 219.Glycollaldehydehydrazone, 88.Glycylglycine, 244.GI ycylmethylind ole, 160.Glyoxaline, 152.Glyoxylic acid metabolism, 241. - test for, 240.Gold, alloys of, 41.- detection of, 200.- estimation of, 202, 208.Goreeixite, 307.Green-m anuri n g, 27 0.Grignard’s reaction, 117, 192.Guailase, 245.Guanine, 174.d-Gulose, 194.281.281,SUBJECTS.Gyrolite, 319.Heinopyrrole.159.Halloysite, 305.Halogens, estimation of, 212.Harttite, 307.Heat of vaporisation, 7, 21.Helium, 35.Hellandite, 319.Heptamethyleneiinine, 152.Heteroxanthine, 174.Heulandite, 304.Hexahydrobenzaldehyde, 139.Hexahy drobenzy lcaniphor, 19 1.Hexahydrobenzylidenecamphor, 191.Hexamethylethane, 71.cycloHexanone-2 : 4-dicarboxylic acid,Hexatriene, preparation of, 72.isoHexoic acid, u-bromo-, 187cycloHexylacetone, 139.%Hexylpyrrolidine, 152.Hibschite, 320.Hordenine, 181.Hnebnerite, 320.Humus, in soils, 271.Hydrazine, use in volumetric analysis,o-Hydraznbenzoic acid, 163.Hydrindoiie, acetyl-, 127.- benzoyl-, 127.a-Hydrindone, condensation of, 128.Hydrocarbons, estimation of, 214,- oxidation of, 74.- preparation of, 71.Hydrofluosilicic acid, titration of, 207.Hydrocastorite, 329.Hydrogen bromide, preparation of, 64. - chloride, preparation of, 64. - fluoride, 63. - iodide, preparation of aqueous solu-tions of, 66. - peroxide, titration of, 203. - reducing activity of, 206.Hydrolysis, 96.Hydroxylamine, 119. - isodisulphonic acid, potassium salt,Hyposulphurous acid, estimation of, 204.Ice. density of, 58.Z-Iditol, 91.Iminazoles, 164.Indazole, amino-, 164.- derivatives, 162.- synthesis of, 163.o-Indazylbenzoic acid, 3-hydroxy-, 163.Indigo, 160.Indigotin, 161.- diacetic acid, 161. - diamino-, 161.ethyl ester, 138.205.54INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 383Indigotin, dinitro-, 161. - estimation of, 215.Indole, 160. - -%aldehyde, 160. - test for, 210.is01 ndolinones, 160.Indoxyl, 161.Iodine, atomic weight of, 32.- influence of, in agriculture, 280.- separation of, from bromine andIonisation due to a-radiation, 336, 338,IOIIS, hydration of, 17.Iridiuni, detection of, 200.Iron, alloys of, 67, 68.- compounds of, 66, 67.- rusting of, 66.- separation of, 206.Isatic acid, 169.Isatinacetic acid, 161.Isomeric change, 129.Isomerisrii, 194.Isorropesis, 148.Jadeite, 320.J amesoni te , 321.Janosite, 321.Kainite, use of, in manuring, 276.Kaolin, 305.Rertschenite, 307.Ketenes, 134.Ketobispyrazolones, 163.l<etolnctams, 159.Ketones, 79, 80.Kidney, work done by, 248.Iileinite, 308.I h g i t e , 294.Kynurenic acid, 160.Iiynurine derivatives, 170.Lactic acid, 188.- in metabolism, 241.Z-Lactic acid, 192.Lactose, 243.Lsevulose, detection of, 209.Lard, detection of beef fat in, 219.isolanrolene, 141.isoLauronolic acid, 141.Lead, compounds of, 52.Lecithin, 190.Lcpidine, B-chloro-, 160.Leucine, 190.Leucyldecaglycylglycine, 112.l-Leucylglycine, 113.Light, action of ultra-violet, on metals,Lime in soils, 271.a-Limonene nitrosochloride, 143.8-Limonene nitrosochloride, 143.chlorine, 203.539, 340, 342.353.Lipnse, hydrolysis by, 104.Lithium, preparation of, 35.Magnesia in soils, 271.Magnesium carbonate, hydrates of, 45.-- silicates, 297.-_ sulphate, as a manure, 273.Malacon, 322.Maldiallylamide, 197.Maldi-n-propylamide, 197.Malic acid, chloro-, 99.bromo-, 99.hIalt, nitrogenous constituents of, 283.Maltol, 177.Mandelic acid, 192.Manganese, atomic weight of, 31.__ estimation of, 204, 206.-- salts, influence of, in agriculture,-- silicides, 63.hlatter, electronic theory of, 350.Meldola's blue, 157.Melezitose, 89.Mellitic acid, 179.Mrneghinite, 322.&:W) -p-Menthadiene, 140, 141.p-Mentl~adione-2 : 3-, 141.Menthene, 140.A"-p-Meuthene, 140.A3-p-Menthenol, 140.tevt .Menthol, 140.Z-Menthyl benzenesulphonate, 197.- 8-naphthalenesulphonate, 197.Z-Menthylcarhamic acid, esters of, 192.Menthyl tartrates, 196.hleroquinenine, 1 E 3.Mercnry, estimation of, 205.- salts, influence of, in agriculture,Metalammonium compound^, 36.Metastable state, 27.Meteorites, 330.Methane, 71, 73.o-Metlioxydiphenyl ether, 116.7-Methylacridone, 1 : 3 : 6-trinitro-, 172.Methyl alcohol, detection of, 211.- preparation of, 79.Methylamine, preparation of, 106.Methylaniline, w - cyano-, 115. - w-sulphonic acid, sodium salt, 115.Methylarabinuside, 194.2- Me th ylbenziminazole, 1 19.hfethyldiet hylcarbinol, chloro-, 80.Methylene-azure, 157.Methylene-blue, 157, 158.hletliylethglethylene, 72.4 -Methylglyoxaline, 164.d l - 1 -Met h y 1 -A3-cyclohexene-4-carboxylicdl-4- Met hylcycZoE.exylidene-1 -acetic acid,--278.280.acid, 189.185384 INDEX OF SUBJECTS.2-Methylindole7 170.Methylmorphirnethinc, 182, 191.N-Meth yl-8-naphthindole, 1 61.l-Methylpyrazole methiodidc, 162.Methylrhaninoside, methylation of, 93.Methylrhamnosides, 194.Mtltliylsuberone, 139.M icro-cliemis t ry, 248,Micro-organisms, 284.Milk, analysis of, 216.- composition of, 293.Minerals, artificial foimation of, 312. - radioactivity of, 329, 357.- reactions of, 330. - water of crystallisation in, 306.Molybdenum and its cornpoiinds, 59.Moravite, 308.Morin, 178.Morplienol, 136.hlorpliine, 181. - reaction for, 210.apoBLorphine, 182.Morphol, 136.Mnrexide, 173.Miitnrotation, 194.Naegite, 322.Naphtiiacenequinone, chloro-, 135.Naphthalene-2-carboxylic acid, 1 : 3-di-Naphthaphenazine, 175.Naphthols, amino-, preparation of, 114.1 - Naphthylamine, 4, brorno - 2 -nitro -,Naphthyldiphenylmethane, di-a-hydr-Natrolite, 329.Neodyminm compoiinds, 33.Neon, in helium from radioactiveNephrite, 3.20.Nepouite, 308.Nerol, synthesis of, 142, 143.Nickel, alloys of, 68.- test for, 200, 204.Nicotine, action of, on muscles, 249,Nitrates, distribution of, in soils, 268.- formation of, in the soil, 267.Nitric acid, estimation of, 204.Nitric oxide, detection of, in presence ofNitiification, 265, 266.Nitrites, formation of, in the soil, 267.- production of, 53.Nitro-compounds, reduction of, 115, 119.Nitrogen, 53.- assimilation of, by hacteria, 264. - atomic weight of, 30. - compounds? 106. - estimation of, 213.amino-, ethyl ester, 135.125.OXY-? 128.minerals, 358.250.ozone, 201.Nitrogeii, fixation of, 256.- peroxide, 54.- sulphide, additive compounds of,- utilisation of, by l’lants, 263.Nitroglycerine, estimation of, 215.-__ liydrolysiv of, 104, 105.Nitrosoazo-comliouiid~, 167.isoNjtrnso-compounds, colonr of, 148.Nitrous acid, estimation of, 204.Nordcnskiolclitc, 31 2.Northupite, 312.Nnclease, 244.Nnclei~i, 244.Octa~nethylcncdi~mine, 1.52.Oehrnite, 309.Oe11t111 thplc;~~iiplior, 191.Oen~nt~iylidenecamlthor, 191.Oils, cssentid, 214.Olefines, preparation of, 72.Oleic acid ozonide peroxide, 77.Optical inversion, 197.Osnnnite, 309.Oaazones, formation of, 90.Otavite, 309.Oxazine dyes, constitution of, 157.Osmotic pressure, 7.Oxidation, 120.Oxydases, 246.Oxyhalogen compounds, 64.Ozone, 57, 74, 75.-- detection of, in presence of nitric- uce in quantitative analysis, 206.Ozonides, 75, 76, 77, 120.Palladium, estimation of, 202.Pancreas, adaptation of, to lactose, 243.Pandermite, 295.Paraffins, preparation of dihalogeii ilc-rivatives of, 77.Paratacaniite, 309.Paravivianite, 309.Pamxanthine, 174.a-Particles, 339.- positive charge carried by, 344.Patronite, 310.Pentamethyl salicin, 95.cycZoPentanealdehyde, 130.cycloPen taiionecarboxylic acid, 138.cycZoPentanone-2 : 4-dicarboxylic acitl,Perhaloids, 122.Permonosulphuric acid, 61.Persnlphates, estimation of, 205.Yerthiocyanic acid, 166.Petterdite, 322.Phenanthrene, trihydroxy-, 136.Plienauthridine methiodide, absorption54.oxide, 201.ethyl ester, 138.swctruni of, 156INDEX OF SUBJECTS.385Phenazthionium chloride, acetylamino-,- amino-, 158.Phenol, trinitroacetylamiiio-, 164.Phenolphthalein, 179.Phenols, nitro-, colonr of, 146, 148.---nitrocyano-, 122.Yhenothioxin, 180.Phenylacetaldoxime, 169.9-Phenylacridine, 172.B-Phenylcinchoninic acid, 169.p-Phenylenedianthranilic acid, 11 6.Pheny ldihy dronaph thaquinolinedicarb-oxylic acid, ethyl ester of, 169.8-Phenylethplquinoline, 2-B-hydroxy-,170.Phenylglycine, 161. - o-carboxylic acid, 161.d l - a - Phenyl- a’-4-hydroxyyhenylethane,2-Phcnylindazole, chloro-3-hydroxg-,B-Phenyl-a-lactic acid, dl-&amino-,B-Phenyl-B-lactic acid, dl-a-bromo-, 190.Phenylmettiane, dinitro-, 116.l-Phenyl-3-methyl-4-benzeneazo - 5 - pyr -Phenylmeth ylglycollic acid , 192.Phenylmethylpyrazolone, 162.8-Phenylpropionic acid, a-bromo-, 187.l-Phenyl-5-pyrazolone, 3-hydroxy-, 163.Phenylp~ridinium hydroxide, 2 : 4-dinitro-5 -h ydrosy-, 161).l-Phenyl-5-triazolone-4-carboxvlic acid ,methyl ester of, 166.Phosphates in soils, 273.Phosphoric acid, in agriculture, 274,275.Phosphorus compounds, 55._- detection of ye1 low, 200,- di-iodide, 55,- sulphides, 55.Photochemistry, 26.Phthaleins, colour of, 147.Picric acid, colour of, 146,Pinacone, preparation of, 82.Piperidhe, 168.Pitchblende, 323.Plants, development of, 282.- transformation of sugars in, 284.Platinum alloys, 69.- compounds, 69.__ detection of, 200.Plumbogummite, 323.Polonium, 359.Polyhalite, 294.Polypeptides, 11 2.Potassium, atomic weight of, 32.- salts in manuring, 276.Propionx acid, a-bromo-, 188.158.188.163.190.azolone, 163.VOL.111Propionic acid, diamino-, 187.Proteins, absorption of, 234.__ ash constituents of, 233.- bacterial decomposition of, 186.-- determination of, i n milk, 217._- nomenclature of, 228.Pseudo-wollastoiiite, 295.Purine, 174.Purpuric acid, 173.Pyran derivatives, 178.Pyrazole, 152, 162.Pyrazoline, 162.Pyrazolone derivatives, 162.3-Py razolon es, 163.5-Pyrazolones, 168.Pgricline, 168.__ 4 : 5-dicarboxylic acid, 2 : 6-dihydr-y-Pyndone, 168.Pyrimidine, 4 : 5-diamino-, 174.Pyrozhroite, 323.Pyrogallolphthalein, 153.Pyromeconic acid, 177.Pyromellitic acid, 179.Pyrone, 176.Pyrophyllite, 304.Pyrrole, 159.Pyrrole group, 158.Yyrroles, ,!!-substituted , 158.Pyrrolidine, 159.Pyrnvic ureide, 164.Quartz, crystals, liquid inclusions in,-- deposition of, from aqueous solu--- production of artificial, 312.Quinacridine, 172.Quinacridone, 116.Quinaldine, 170.Quinazoline syntheses, 174.Quindoline, 170.- dihydroxy-, 171.Quinoidine, test for, 210.Quinolinc, 3-chloro-, 160.- 4-chloro-, 170.Quinolphthalein , 179.Quinonaph thalones, 170.Quinoneazine, 121.oxy.-, ethyl ester of, 168.323.tions, 302.Radiatiou, a-, 334, 337, 348, 362,364.- 6-, 348, 349, 355.7-, 352, 362._- secondary, 349.Radioactivity, of the earth, 359.__ of thermal springs, 357.Radiolead, 365.R:idiuni, rays, action of, 011 gems, 354.__ general properties of, 355.c 386 INDEX OF SUBJECTS.Radium, physiological action of, 356.- A, 345.-- B, 345. -- charge into radium C', 346, - C, 335 340, 345.- 0, 360: 365.-I F, 340.Raffinose, estimation of, 214.Rainfall, 269, 270.Reduction, 120, 132, 137. -- electrolytic, 119.Rhamnose, 194.aporthodamine, 179.Rhodeose, 89.Rhodochrosite, 323.Ring compounds: eight-membered, 151.Ring formation, 150.Rock salt, blue colour of, 37, 324.Rotatory power, 195, 136.Rubidium sulphides, 37.Rutherfordine, 310, 357.Saccharin, 122. - test for, 210.aposafranine, constitution of, 158.Salt-deposits, formation of, 294.Samarium chloride, 33.Saponaretin, 96.Saponarin, 96.Saponification, 103, 105.Sarcolite, 325.Scatole, 160.- test for, 210.Scheelite, 325.Selenium and its compounds, 62.Serine, 110, 111, 187.Serpentine, 304.Sewage, purification of, 266.Siderite, 326.Silica in manuring, 277.Silicates, 51.- mutual relation of fused, 295.Silicic acids, 303.Silico-aluminides, 48.Silicomagnesiofluorite, 310.Silver, alloys of, 40, 69.- atomic weight of, 31.- bromide, chloride, and thiocyanate,- nitrate, electrolysis of solution of,- salts, influence of, in agriculture,- volumetric estimation of, 202.Sloanite, 329.Sodamide, 114.Sodium hydroxide, preparation of, 36.Soil-constituents, availability of, 280.Soils, denitrification in, 268.- estimation of carbon in, 271.- E, 352.solubility of, in water, 201.40.280.Soils, extraction of, 275.- lime and magnesia in, 271.- micro-organisms in, 264.- oxidation in, 281.- potash and soda in, 276.__ sterilisation of, 281.Solutions, standnrdisation of, 203.__ theoryof, 11.Spessartite, 318.Stibiotantalite, 325.S tilbazoline, 195.Stilbenequinone, 121.Stilbite, 329.Strontium, 43.- atomic weight of, 31.Structure and basicity, 152.S trychiiin e, 22 1.Puccinic acid, preparation of, and itsallryl derivatives, 97. - - tribromo-, 98.isosuccinic acid, 97.Sucrose, description of, 88.- estimation of, 214.- hydrolysis of, 193.Sugar-beet, 290.Sugars, estimation of, 213.- formation of, from formaldehyde,85, 86, 87.Sulphates, 60.Sulphides, test for, 201.Sulphinic acids, formation of, 118.Sulphur, hydrate of, 59.Snlphuric acid, theory of' formation of,Symbiosis, 263.Syngenite, 294.Tachligdrite, 294.Talc, 304.Tannin, 167, 191.__ estimation of, 215.Tantalum, atomic weight of, 33.Tapiolite, 326.Tartaric acid, 193,Tartramide, rotatory powers of deriv-atives of, 197.Tea, manufacture of, 291.Tellurium and its compoiinds, 62.Terbium, atomic weight of, 34.Terpenes, 140.Tetrahedrite, 326.Tetrahydronaphthoic acids, 188.nc-Tetrahydro-2-naphtho1, 189.Tetraphenylmethme, 11 9.Tetrapheny lpentanone, 11 7.Thallium, 48.Thebaine, 181.- test for, 210.Theobromine, 174.Theophylline, 174.Thermodynamics, 20.60INDEX OF STJBJECTS.397Thiaziiie dyes, constitution of, 157.Thiazoles, 180.Thioindigo-red, 161.Thionine, 158.Thiosulphates, production of, 61.Thomsonite, 328.Thorianite, 327, 358.Thorium A , 348, 361.~ B, 348, 361.~ X, 348, 361, 363.Tliuringite, 327.Tin, separation of, fi*oin antimony, 205.“Tiring” of metals, 353.Titanite, 328.Titanium, 50.- trichloride, use in analysis, 207.Tobacco, alkaloids of, 181. - estimation of organic acids in, 292.Toluene, detection of, in benzene, 210.p - Toluidino - 3 : 5 - dinitrobenzoic acid,Trehalose, detection of, 209.Triazoledicarboxylic acid, amino-, 176.Triazoles, 152, 165.5-Triazolone, 166.Tridymite, 296, 300.Triformin, 106.‘‘ Trimethin triazimid, ” 165.Trimethyl-a-arabinoside, 194.1 : 2 : 6-TrimethylbenzeneJ 3 :5-dichloro-,1 : 1 : 2-Triinethyl-A2 : 4-dihydrobenzene,3 : 3 : 5-Trimethylindolenine, 160.Trimethylsuccinic acid, 97.Triphenylmethyl, structure of, 131.Triphenylpropiophenone, 117.Tryptophan, 160.Uracil, 5-nitro-, 174.2-o-nitro-, 172.122.3 : 5-dichloro-, 122.Uranium X, 348.__ j?-rays of, 349.Uric acid, 174.-- formation of, from nuclein, 244.Urine, secretion of, 245.Valine, 187.Vanadium compounds, 56.Vapour pressure, 6, 21.Velocity, temperature variation ofreaction, 22.Victorium, 34.Vinegar, detection of free mineral acidin, 220.Viscosity, 18.Volatility of metals, 66.Water, estimation of, 202.Weinbergerite, 310, ,831.Wheat, “strength in, 288.Wollastonite, 295, 303.Xanthine, 174.Xanthoxalanil, 159.Xanthydrol, 178.Xylenols, reduction of, 137.Xylitones, 139.Y ttrocalrite, 31 1.Yttrocrasite, 31 1.Zein, 238Zeolite, a new, 311.Zeolites, 328.- coiistitution of, 304.Zinc, deposition of, 208.~ detection of, 200.__ “ insensitiveness ” of, 206.Zoisite, 329.volumetric estimation of, 205. -K. CLAY AND SOXS, LTD., BREAD ST. HILL, E.C., ASD BtZiGAS, SUBFOLK

ISSN:0365-6217    

DOI:10.1039/AR9060300379

出版商:RSC    

年代:1906

数据来源: RSC