摘要:

Students who have smoked marijuana are compared with non‐users on a variety of attitudinal and demographic characteristics. Approximately 36% of the sample of over 5,000 college students from a national survey report usage of the drug. The major demographic characteristics that separate users from non‐users are religious affiliation, region of the country, and sex. With respect to collegiate institutions, the selectivity of the institution, the students' academic aspirations, and grade‐point average all prove to play a significant role. Anti‐war activities and sentiments also prove highly significant. A Multiple Classification Analysis (MCA), which compares the relative contribution of each variable to drug usage, shows that anti‐war protest, religious affiliation, and sex are the most significant predictors of marijuana usage. A variety of mechanisms playing a possible role in fostering drug use are

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1972.tb01259.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Eighty randomly selected male participants in the April 1971 pcace demonstration in Washington, D.C. were approached by a young womenEv ho asked them to help her friend who was feeling ill. The “friend” was a young maleE, in either conventional or “hip” clothing, who was displaying either a “Support Nixon” or a “Dump Nixon” sign. The dependent variable was a 5‐point ordinal scale of cooperation with a series of specific requests, which ranged from going over to the distressedEto providing bus fare and help for bothEsto leave the area and go home. All 80 Ss went to theEand 79 helped to some extent. There was more helping behavior in the morning than in the afternoon, when the program of activities had intensified; with Ss who were tested in the afternoon, theEdisplaying a “Support Nixon” sign attracted less helping behavior than the “Dump Nixon” condition. The dress manipulation (implicit attitudinal

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1972.tb01260.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Field experiments investigated the relationship between a political campaigner's dress and appearance and his campaign effectiveness. In one study deviant, “freaky” appearing campaigners attempting to hand out innocuous leaflets in a shopping center had a lower acceptance rate than did more conventionally dressed campaigners. Those shoppers who did accept leaflets from “freaks” were more likely to throw them away unread. The first experiment suggested that deviant‐appearing campaigners have difficulty communicating information to potential voters, but it was argued that, in another sense, they convey all too much information. Knowing only that the campaigners for one candidate were deviant and “hippy” in appearance as compared to the conventionally dressed campaigners supporting a second candidate, voters in a second experiment were willing to ascribe more radical opinions to the deviants' candidate. Voters then used their inferences as the basis on which to select a candidate. The rationality of inferring beliefs from appearances is discussed in terms of correspondent inf

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1972.tb01261.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

What factors affect an aid‐giver's perceived helpfulness and likeability and the amount of positive and negative social influence he is able to exert? In experiment I, subjects performing a difficult task expected or did not expect to receive help which they subsequently received or did not receive. No significant differences were found in reactions to the aid‐giver in the two expectancy confirmation conditions. However, reactions were markedly different in the two disconfirmation conditions‐very positive when unexpected help was received and very negative when expected help was not received. The two hypothesized main effects were found (p<.05) on the negative social influence, or counter‐conformity, measure. In experiment II, the perceived nature of the task was varied. Subjects received or did not receive unexpected help on a relatively unimportant task which yielded only extrinsic rewards or on an intelligence test which yielded only intrinsic, ego‐rewards. This time, social influence and counter‐conformity measures both showed predicted interaction effects (p<.05), while attitudinal measu

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1972.tb01262.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A sample of 375 white middle class residents of suburban Sacramento was randomly distributed among 3 experimental conditions of exposure to paraphrases of the Bill of Rights. The paraphrases were in the form of letters to the “Subcommittee on Crime and Disorder” of the California State Senate. A far greater proportion of subjects would endorse a “negative”, somewhat authoritarian version of the Bill of Rights than would sign either a “real” paraphrase of the original text or a rather equivocal “wishy‐washy” bill. A minority of those shown the “real” bill would sign it. Solicitors dressed as “straights” were more likely to elicit signatures from subjects than were “hips”. The latter effect was observable, however, only for subjects in the negative and to a lesser extent the wishy‐washy bill conditions. When the “real” bill was presented the attire of the solicitor made no difference. While an alternative interpretation was viable, the results were explained in terms of reactance (Brehm, 1966) and Rokeach's (Rokeach&Mezei, 1966) hypothesis that liking is mediat

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1972.tb01263.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The widely used paradigm developed by Katz and Braly (1933) for the assessment of “stereotypes” has been criticized because of the ambiguity of the subject's task. In the present study, 2 alternate sets of instructions were used, attempting to make the subject's task more clearcut. Traits attributed to each of 5 ethnic groups were virtually identical to those given under the instructional format usually utilized in such studies. When subjects were asked to list the trait‐attributions most commonly made by “others” in our society to each of the ethnic groups, responses concerning Negroes were considerably different from subjects' own attributions to Negroes. This own‐others difference was not evident for the other 4 ethnic groups rated. Racial attitude was significantly related to attribution for 5 of the 17 traits attributed to blacks by over 10% of the subjects, when subjects were giving their own views. The degree to which a subject's attributions to Negroes agreed with those of the sample as a whole was not related to his racial attitude. However, the degree to which a subject's attributions to Negroes agreed with those seen as most commonly attributed by “others” in our society was positively related to racial prejudice. The implications of these findings for common conceptualizations of stereotyp

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1972.tb01264.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

It is often asked if “progress”, as defined by an increase in the level of general economic development, is “real”‐especially for people of lower socioeconomic status (SES). This paper investigated the empirical validity of two hypotheses relevant to this question at early stages of economic development. The controlled field study took place in the lowland Philippines. Data provided clear support for the first hypothesis (H‐1), viz, as the level of community development increases, the rate of material improvement for above average individuals is much greater than that for people in lower SES groups. Still, however, things do improve for lower SES people with economic development. Further, the improvements tend to make them express more contentment and economic optimism than their more traditional counterparts (H‐2B), although these data failed to support this belief to the degree they

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1972.tb01265.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY