摘要:

Interviews with 264 callers to a relapse prevention hotline were used to explore situational determinants of coping among exsmokers facing temptations to smoke. As hypothesized, subjects were more likely to perform cognitive and behavioral coping early in abstinence. Coping was also more likely in situations where subjects had habitually smoked. Discriminant function analyses were used to predict the performance of coping from situational variables. Cognitive coping could not be predicted. Performance of behavioral coping was predictable from six situational variables which accounted for 28% of the variance in coping performance. These situational variables also accounted for the decay of behavioral coping over time. The findings imply that individual differences play a limited role in coping performance and have implications for clinical efforts to enhance smoking cessation through coping interventions.

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1987.tb00289.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This research investigates the antecedents of psychosocial impacts of the TMI nuclear power plant accident. A model of factors that are hypothesized to affect impact levels is developed and configured to approximate a hypothetical causal sequence. Using data from the Nuclear Regulatory Commission telephone survey, the technique of path analysis is used to test relationships in the model. The results show that the antecedents explain 12% of the variance in individual stress, 45% of the variance in family disruption, and 16% of the variance in perceived community change. The analysis shows that the TMI specific attitudes and sensitivity to radiation risks are strong antecedents of impacts. Although general attitudes toward nuclear power have minor indirect effects, it appears that situational experiences with the accident are the major contributors toward explaining impact levels.

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1987.tb00290.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In this realistic experiment, an interview with the leader of the Liberals in the Dutch Parliament was recorded in the presence of a live audience, which reacted in a positive, negative, or neutral way. It was shown to subjects of two opposing political parties, whose attitudes were to be changed by the experimental interview. The main hypothesis, which predicted more attitude change in the positive than in the negative audience condition, could not in general be supported. The alternative audience attraction hypothesis was mainly sustained: With an audience, perceived as attractive, attitude change was greatest when the audience reacted positively and least when it reacted negatively, while for an unattractive audience the opposite effect was demonstrated.

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1987.tb00291.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Self‐schemas pertaining tobody weightwere investigated for their effects on processing weight‐relevant information. Females who had body weight schemas (Schematics) were compared for their cognitive performance on a variety of tasks with females who did not have such schemas (Aschematics). The function and content of the body weight schema was explored by using stimuli that varied in their conceptual relevance to the schema, including verbal descriptors, body silhouettes, and pictures of food. Both Schematics and Aschematics exhibited a sharp differentiation in their processing of “fat” and “thin” trait adjectives, confirming the hypothesis that all individuals will generate at least a simple structure of thoughts and feelings about their bodies. However, only those individuals with highly developed body weight self‐schemas (Schematics) showed a clear and consistent discrimination in their responses across stimulus domains. It is hypothesized that a body weight self‐schema has bothuniversalisticandparticularisticaspects. All individuals have some conception of their body image (universalistic aspect), but there is considerable variation in the way they will process stimuli with reference to body weight. Only those with a particularistic schema will show consistent discriminations in their responses in the body weight domain and will use relevance to one's body weight as a selective mechanism in processing a var

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1987.tb00292.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Fourth‐, fifth‐, and sixth‐grade students responded to a questionnaire concerning their experiences with electronic videogames and computers. Teacher ratings of academic achievement, personality characteristics, and behavior patterns were also obtained for each student. These data were used to examine a number of hypotheses concerning potential harmful or beneficial effects of electronic videogames on school‐age children, and to provide preliminary evidence concerning the correlates of computer usage by school‐age children. Videogame usage showed significant positive correlations with teacher ratings of impulsivity, significant negative correlations with ratings of academic achievement, and little relationship to rated sociability. Videogame use also proved positively related to other social activities and to microcom

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1987.tb00293.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY