摘要:

The hypothesis that responding to hecklers would produce more agreement with a speaker than not responding, stemmed from commodity theory (Brock, 1968). One hundred twenty‐one introductory speech students participated in what they were told was a “speech workshop” (not a psychology experiment). Two types of responding to live hecklers were used: In one, the speaker responded in a calm, relevant manner; in the other, she responded in an upset, irrelevant manner. In a third condition, the speaker did not respond to the heckles. There were two additional conditions: One in which the speaker responded to interruptions, and a further control in which there were neither heckles nor interruptions. In these five conditions, the speaker either argued for or against the audience's position. Regardless of whether or not the speaker's position agreed with the audience's, upset‐irrelevant responding decreased the speaker's persuasiveness over making no response, while calm‐relevant responding tended to enhance persuasiveness. Finally, in agreement with all other empirical studies, it was clearly shown that heckling, whether responded to or not, did not improve the speaker's effe

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1976.tb01307.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Sixty‐four undergraduate males received either very postive or very negative personal evaluations from an attitudinally similar or dissimilar stranger, and were then given an opportunity to aggress against this person by means of electric shock. Half were exposed to these stimuli under comfortably cool environmental conditions, while half were so treated under uncomfortably hot conditions. It was predicted that aggression toward the victim would increase as the degree of negative affect induced among subjects by the experimental conditions increased up to moderate levels, but that beyond this point, further increments in negative affect would actually tend to inhibit such behavior. A significant (p<.007) curvilinear relationship between negative affect and aggression supported these predictions, and suggested that such affect mediates the influence of high ambient temperatures on human aggressio

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1976.tb01308.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Stimulus students of varying race (black vs. white) and social class (lower vs. middle) were portrayed as showing either an ascending or descending pattern of past success to Introductory Psychology or Elementary Education subjects. Subjects then estimated the future success of the stimulus student. The results indicated a recency effect in expected future performance‐a performer whose scores showed an ascending pattern of success was expected to outperform those exhibiting a descending pattern of success. Black students were also expected to outperform white students, but only when they had shown increasing success; for descending success patterns, race did not differentially affect expected performance estimates. Possible explanations for the recency finding were presented and focused on the phenomenal status of ability and the prescriptions accompanying the institutionalized role of teacher. Implications regarding the differential credit for success to students were discusse

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1976.tb01309.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study examined whether success‐failure experiences, race, and social class are related to the likelihood that young children will engage in imitative behavior. Black subjects imitated significantly more than white subjects on a pre‐experimental measure of imitation. Analysis of a difference score between pre‐ and post‐experimental measures of imitation indicated that prior success was associated with less imitation than failure or a neutral condition. In addition, a white model was imitated significantly more than a black model in both the failure and the success conditions, with little difference between models in the neutral condition. No significant difference was found between the nondeprived and deprived groups. The results were discussed in terms of an outer‐directedness h

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1976.tb01310.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Outdoor behavior was measured and compared using a behavioral mapping procedure across three contrasting environments in a low‐income urban neighborhood. The environments were an old ghetto neighborhood of low‐rise tenement houses, a traditional high‐rise housing project, and an innovative high‐rise housing project, where a creative outdoor design had been added to encourage outdoor use. As predicted, the old neighborhood and the innovative project showed higher levels of outdoor socializing than did the traditional project. Unexpectedly, the old neighborhood showed the highest level of task‐oriented activity relative to recreation and leisure. Several propositions concerning the relationship between behavior and urban environment are considered, and a number of implications for urban design are

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1976.tb01311.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Previous evidence that subject sentencing judgments are mediated by considerations of equity led to the hypothesis that defendant remorse and an impoverished defendant background would each reduce subject sentencing judgments. Results from 48 male and 48 female student subjects showed that remorse had the predicted effect (p<.02) but background did not. Regardless of the initial manipulation, sentences shifted significantly toward leniency (p<.02) after subjects had engaged in group discussion. The effect for remorse is consistent with the contention that the equity principle extends to psychological factors, while the leniency shift raises the possibility that jury deliberations tend to favor the defendant.

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1976.tb01312.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

News broadcasts conveying “good news” or “bad news” were played to subjects who subsequently made evaluative responses of anonymous others. The news broadcasts were shown to differentially elicit positive and negative affective responses and to affect subjects' evaluations of others. Additionally, reported affect was shown to be positively related to those interpersonal eval

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1976.tb01313.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A field experiment was designed to test several predictions derived from the Piliavin and Piliavin cost‐reward model of helping behavior. Female and male subjects' reported intent to help a hemophiliac in a nearby hospital was unrelated to the costs for helping, the costs for not helping, and the order in which the subjects received the costs' manipulations. The obtained rates of helping were also unrelated to whether or not subjects reported having donated previously. Failure to obtain the predicted results is discusse

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1976.tb01314.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Twenty‐four girls and 24 boys enrolled in a university preschool were given two trials each to perform a marble‐dropping task. After the first trial, subjects in the sex‐appropriate condition were told that children of their sex perform the task better than children of the opposite sex. Subjects in the sex‐inappropriate condition were told that children of their sex perform the task less well than children of the opposite sex. It was hypothesized that sex‐appropriate subjects would set higher goals for Trial 2 than control subjects receiving no information and that sex‐inappropriate subjects would set lower goals than control subjects. The hypotheses were not supported. Instead, children of both sexes set significantly higher goals when told that boys do better at the task. Interpretations of the results

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1976.tb01315.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY