摘要:

Stasson and Fishbein (1990) reported findings indicating that college students' intentions to wear seat belts in low‐risk situations were attitudinally controlled, while their intentions to wear seat belts in high‐risk situations were normatively controlled. If these findings are valid, manipulations of attitude (toward wearing a seat belt) should have a greater impact on intentions to wear a seat belt in a safe situation than on intentions to wear a seat belt in a risky situation. Three experiments provided strong support for this hypothesis. The implications of these findings for defining behavior and for designing interventions to increase seat‐belt use are disc

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1994.tb00549.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In an attempt to understand the bases of rape attributions in the well‐publicized accusation of rape against William Kennedy Smith in 1991, background and attitudinal variables were used to predict 277 college students' beliefs that a rape had occurred, and their extent of victim blame prior to his rape trial. Gender differences were found in the belief that a rape had occurred and in victim blame, but were no longer significant when combined with other predictors in a regression equation. Among women, no significant predictors of rape occurrence emerged, whereas for men, political affiliation (Democrats more than Republicans) and ethnicity (people of color more than whites) predicted the belief that a rape had occurred. Belief in victim precipitation of rape strongly predicted victim blame in the Smith case. These findings reinforce the significance of victim‐precipitation beliefs in blaming date‐rape victims and the probable role of these myths in keeping date rape a hidden

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1994.tb00550.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The purpose of the present study was to examine the validity of the popular hypothesis that video game use will prevent children from socially adjusting. Three surveys of elementary school children were reported. The primary results were as follows: (a) The frequency of video game use had no correlation with children's popularity among classmates. (b) The frequency of video game use had slightly negative correlations with boys' sociocognitive abilities such as empathy, cognitive complexity, and cognitive abstractness. (c) However, it was likely that the negative correlations were not due to the causal relation that video game use affected boys' sociocognitive abilities, which supported the hypothesis, but rather the causal relation that video game use was affected by their abilities; and (d) In the case of computer use, such as word processing or programming, the frequency of use had few correlations with sociocognitive abilities.

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1994.tb00551.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Collective efficacy is the extension of Bandura's (1977) self‐efficacy concept to groups (Bandura, 1982, 1986). Self‐efficacy refers to judgments that people make about their personal or individual competency. Collective efficacy concerns judgments that people make about a group's level of competency. This paper contributes to the theory and measurement of collective efficacy and to an understanding of its relationship to self‐efficacy and performance. Elementary school teachers' collective‐ and self‐efficacy were measured. The academic domain is well suited to the study of collective‐efficacy because the organizational units (schools) all perform the same function (education). The findings supported the hypothesis that, in at least some domains, self‐efficacy and collective‐efficacy are related but independent constructs. As hypothesized, it was also found that the socioeconomic composition of a school's student body, was a strong predictor of teachers' collective‐efficacy. Although teachers' collective‐efficacy was associated with school level achievement, this relationship was no longer significant when prior achievement levels were controlled. It was suggested that future research should examine individual behaviors, attitudes, and beliefs that might serve as mediators between efficacy and performance. It was also suggested that the relationship between collective efficacy and organizational culture

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1994.tb00552.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study explores various aspects of support in the social network of long‐term single mothers: the nature of expected help and of offered support, the attitudes behind support, the strategies for requesting help, the reluctance to ask, the efficacy of received help, the perceived refusals, and the behaviors judged as harmful. Thirty women separated for at least two years with a child aged under 10 were chosen following the snowball technique, and participated in this study. The content analysis of the semi‐structured interviews shows how the dynamics of social support varies according to the relationship to the target person: ex‐partner, family, friends, or “other relationships”. For instance the ex‐partner, when mentioned, rarely offered the expected support and was perceived as harmful. Family members often lived up to their expectations, but women were generally very reluctant to ask them for help. Friends were the most efficient helpers and were the main persons from whom mothers expected cognitive support. The “other relationships” offered a certain amount of help, especially at the instrumental level but, as with the ex‐partner, they were frequently perceived as harmful. Finally, we advocate for an “ecological” approach to measure social support in the context of the interacti

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1994.tb00553.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In line with previous research and our prediction, self‐ and subordinate descriptions of the behavior of 92 supervisors are only weakly related. Also, congruence between these two descriptions is positively related to three measures of situational control. These findings are congruent with Fiedler's view that leaders describe themselves as they are in high‐control situati

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1994.tb00554.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY