摘要:

The study of self‐serving attributions in sports settings is fertile ground for testing the validity of self‐serving attributional phenomena. This paper reports the results of a meta‐analytic review of research examining self‐serving attributions in the context of sports events. A total of 91 distinct hypothesis tests were located, comprising five dimensions of attribution: ability (N= 21), effort (N=21), task difficulty (N= 21), luck (N= 21), and a general internal‐external dimension (N= 7). The meta‐analytic combination of significance levels indicated that the combined results were unlikely to occur if the null hypothesis of no effect were true (for each of the five dimensions of attribution). The internal‐external dimension and the ability dimension produced effects of moderate magnitude, whereas effort, difficulty and luck produced effects of small magnitude. Meta‐anaiytic focused comparisons revealed that self‐serving attributions (ended to be more extreme in the context of larger team sizes, and for attribution measures focused upon the team rather than the individual. Discussion considers the implications of these findings and develops and explanation for the finding that ability is the specific attribution dimension exhibiting the greatest self‐serving

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1988.tb00001.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

With the growth of employee assistance programs (EAPs)a significant demand has been created for individuals trained in the behavioral sciences. This demand has also created opportunities for applied research into EAP systems. Current EAPs have penetrated only a small percentage of the workforce suffering with behavior/medical problems. Adaptation of traditional psycho‐social models of prosocial behavior to supervisory intervention practices holds the promise of more efficacious EAP programming. Bystander intervention and equity theories are introduced as prosocial models capable of guiding research and consultative practice within industrial settings. Situational, personal, attributional, cost and response variables associated with EAP utilization are described. Both instrumental and psychological processes inherent within supervisor‐worker relationships are elaborated. Social psychologists are encouraged to consider these theoretical systems when contemplating service delivery to the growing EAP movem

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1988.tb00002.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two issues involved in warrantless consent searches were examined: perceived voluntariness of consent and affirmativeness, or the form of a police search request. Research on actor‐observer divergence in causal perceptions suggests the possibility of misunderstandings between courts and defendants concerning perceived voluntariness of consent to warrantless searches. Research on speech‐act theory suggests that perceived choice of consent would be greatest when a search request was phrased interrogatively and unspecifically. In a laboratory experimental investigation of these legal issues, 96 subjects read vignettes in which two levels of perspective (consentor or observer) were crossed with two levels of request form (interrogative or declarative) and two levels of request specificity (not specific or specific). Observers underestimated the likelihood of consentors' requesting more information about the search request and overestimated consentors' perceived freedom to revoke consent and the permitted scope of the search. Search requests phrased interrogatively resulted in higher perceived choice in permitting entry, but also resulted in higher perceived likelihood of actually granting entry. Ignorance of legal ramifications of consent searches appears to be widespread, even in a college‐educated s

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1988.tb00003.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two field studies were conducted to investigate the influence of observer and victim characteristics on attributions of victim and assailant responsibility in a rape case. In the first study, male and female subjects completed a measure of rape myth acceptance and were presented with a rape account after which they were asked to attribute responsibility to victim and assailant. In the second study, a new sample was asked to attribute responsibility to victim and assailant on the basis of one of two rape accounts in which victim's pre‐rape behavior was manipulated. Results showed that both rape myth acceptance and victims' pre‐rape behavior influenced the degree of responsibility attributed to victims and assailants. No significant effects of subject gender were found. A more complex conceptualization is suggested of the link between observer and victim characteristics in social reactions to and evaluations of rape vict

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1988.tb00004.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The general lack of action to prevent nuclear war, despite widespread belief that such a war is likely to occur and knowledge of its catastrophic consequences, can be traced to a sense that individual action does not matter. The absence of perceived differential outcomes for action can also prevent the discrimination of real threats. Therefore, education about the nuclear threat is not likely to be effective unless accompanied by efforts to establish a sense of personal efficacy.

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1988.tb00005.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The degree to which people perceive that their health‐relevant behaviors are also performed by their peers may influence whether they continue these practices or are susceptible to change. The present paper examined estimates of social consensus for health‐relevant behaviors. It was hypothesized that respondents would perceive their own behaviors to be relatively more common than do people not performing them, the so‐called False Consensus Effect. However, in terms of the accuracy of consensus estimates, people who behave in undesirable ways will tend to overestimate theactualnumber of others who behave similarly. In contrast, people who behave in desirable ways will underestimate theactualnumber of people who behave like themselves (false uniqueness). A group of college‐aged males were asked to report about their performance of a series of health‐relevant behaviors and to estimate the frequency of each behavior among their peers. The findings strongly supported the first two hypotheses and provided some support for the third. One practical implication of the results is that persons with unhealthy practices may resist public health campaigns and other interventions by overestimating consensus for their own behaviors. Also, individuals who think their undesirable health behaviors are relatively common may believe that they involve few health risks for them. The research suggests the need for further research on social cognitions about health, illness, and health‐protectiv

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1988.tb00006.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The equity‐control model of vandalism (Baron&Fisher, 1984; Fisher&Baron, 1982) is used to conceptualize vandalism among college students. The model predicts that vandalism is most likely where there are low perceived equity (perceived lack of fairness in one's social or environmental arrangements) and low to moderate perceived control (perceived inability to effectively modify outcomes and arrangements). To test the model, university students were given questionnaires which measured perceived equity and control as these factors relate to the university and to dormitory living. Using multiple regression analysis, the interaction of equity and control was predictive of vandalism: Subjects with low perceived equity and control were most likely to report they engaged in vandalistic act

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1988.tb00007.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY