摘要:

The effectiveness of strategies for reducing avoidance of social interaction with a physically disabled person was experimentally investigated. Female college students privately expressed their preference for social interaction before and after learning the other was a female in a wheelchair or nondisabled. The results provide evidence for the effectiveness of mentioning the disability following a request for aid related to the disability (the Request‐mention Strategy). Change in preference for social interaction was more positive when the disabled person employed the Request‐mention strategy than when she said nothing. Requesting aid without mentioning the disability was not found to be effective. A request for aid unrelated to the disability was clearly ineffective. The disabled person who said nothing was avoided, in comparison to when the same person was nondisabled. Favorability of impressions of the other, as measured by ratings of her characteristics, was not influenced by the experimental conditi

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1984.tb02216.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The relative effectiveness of incentive and minimal justification techniques in promoting electrical energy conservation among 90 homeowners was investigated. Subjects in the Questionnaire condition were asked to complete a short energy conservation survey. Those in the Commitment condition were asked to curtail their consumption of electricity by 15%. In the Questionnaire + Commitment condition, subjects received both requests. These three groups were compared to an Incentive condition, where individuals were offered a highly attractive monetary incentive for conserving electricity, a Questionnaire + Commitment + Incentive condition, and a Control condition. The groups did not differ in electricity consumption during baseline, initial request, or follow‐up periods. However, during the conservation period, homeowners in the Commitment and the combined treatment groups conserved more electricity and contained more conservers than either of the remaining groups. These outcomes were discussed in terms of the comparative effectiveness of minimal justification and incentive strategies for inducing behavioral chang

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1984.tb02217.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The expected consequences of behavior are basic to many modern theories of behavior and to programs designed to influence behavior. In this research, 52 consequences expected from smoking cigarettes were measured in a panel study of 1,406 adolescents. Six factors were identified through factor analysis of these consequences. Multivariate analyses generally indicated that the negative physical/social factor predicted the initiation of smoking and the pleasure factor predicted smoking initiation and increased smoking among those who were smokers at the beginning of study. The other factors‐positive peer relationships, negative peer relationships, habit, and health‐were either unrelated to subsequent smoking behavior or inconsistently related across the multiple measures of behavior. The research is considered in the context of theory, methods, and programs related to adolescent cigarette smok

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1984.tb02218.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Popular beliefs concerning the effect of clothing styles on behavior have had important policy ramifications. For instance, in the interest of developing better police‐community relations, numerous police departments have considered changing from a traditional police uniform to a more “civilian” style of dress. Effects of such an alteration were examined in the laboratory and in the field. No positive effects of the uniform change were found. Compared to officers wearing a blazer‐style uniform, officers wearing traditional uniforms were perceived as more honest, more active, more helpful, more competent, more “good”, more valuable, faster, and as possessing better judgment. Data on arrests for resisting arrest and assaults on a police officer were obtained from a police department which adopted, then 8 years later abandoned, a civilian style blazer uniform. No effect of the uniform change on the number of assaults on police officers and arrests for resisting arrest was found, contrary to previ

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1984.tb02219.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two studies were conducted to assess the impact of crowding on female inmates. The first study, an archival analysis of the records of 561 women prisoners, showed that the average population in the institution was significantly related to the transformed rate of disciplinary infractions, even when other variables had been controlled for. The second study, which used a questionnaire, found that inmates' perceived control was positively related to liking for their room and negatively related to their reported stress and physical symptoms. In addition, the stress inmates experienced was negatively related to liking for their room and positively related to physical symptoms.

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1984.tb02220.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Current theory holds that stereotypes of outgroups are organized schematically in memory, as reflected by the fact that evoking one aspect of the stereotype tends to evoke other aspects as well. Previous research shows that when a stereotype is activated, one result is biased encoding of subsequently available information, such that stereotype‐consistent information is encoded preferentially over stereotype‐irrelevant information. The present research investigated whether evoking a specific stereotype‐that of the elderly‐would cause subjects to activelyseek outstereotype‐relevant information. Subjects read a brief description of an auto accident, which involved either an elderly driver or a young driver as its protagonist. As predicted, the “elderly” label led to the differential seeking of information concerning the physical and mental adequacy of the driver and possible impairment of his vision, whereas the “young” label led subjects to seek information as to whether the driver had been drinking. Discussion centers on the relationship between these findings and the results

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1984.tb02221.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Sixteen young married couples completed the Jenkins Activity Survey and a questionnaire dealing with the temporal parameters of marital communication, work around the home, social activity, relaxation, and marital sex. In general, it was found that the coronary‐prone behavior pattern has negative implications for the interpersonal and leisurely activity of Type As and their spouses. As Type A characteristics increase, males communicate less with their wives, work more around the home, and engage in less marital sex. With females, coronary‐proneness is associated with engaging in relatively infrequent and brief periods of relaxation. For both sexes, those high on the Type A dimension are most likely to report that they derive relatively little pleasure from socializing. Several differences are also reported as a function of spouse standing on the Type A‐B dime

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1984.tb02222.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY