ISSN:0031-9228    

DOI:10.1063/1.2808771

出版商:AIP    

年代:1993

数据来源: AIP

ISSN:0031-9228    

DOI:10.1063/1.2808772

出版商:AIP    

年代:1993

数据来源: AIP

ISSN:0031-9228    

DOI:10.1063/1.2808773

出版商:AIP    

年代:1993

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

The 1992 Nobel Prize in Physics has gone to a virtuoso instrument maker. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded the prize to Georges Charpak of France “for his inventionand development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber.”

ISSN:0031-9228    

DOI:10.1063/1.2808774

出版商:AIP    

年代:1993

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

Rudolf Marcus of Caltech was at a meeting of the Electrochemical Society in Toronto when he learned that the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences had awarded him the 1992 Nobel Prize in Chemistry “for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems.” The meeting participants were only too glad to raise their glasses to Marcus, for the fundamental theory he elucidated in the 1950s and 1960s underlies much of their work. Its applications include such diverse phenomena as photosynthesis, electrically conducting polymers, chemiluminescence and corrosion. As Marcus remarked to us, “the field continues to grow and grow.”

ISSN:0031-9228    

DOI:10.1063/1.2808775

出版商:AIP    

年代:1993

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

The wizardry of modern semiconductor technology makes it possible to fabricate particles of metal or “pools” of electrons in a semiconductor that are only a few hundred angstroms in size. Electrons in these structures can display astounding behavior. Such structures, coupled to electrical leads through tunnel junctions, have been given various names: single‐electron transistors, quantum dots, zero‐dimensional electron gases and Coulomb islands. In my own mind, however, I regard all of these as artificial atoms—atoms whose effective nuclear charge is controlled by metallic electrodes. Like natural atoms, these small electronic sytems contain a discrete number of electrons and have a discrete spectrum of energy levels. Artificial atoms, however, have a unique and spectacular property: The current through such an atom or the capacitance between its leads can vary by many orders of magnitude when its charge is changed by a single electron. Why this is so, and how we can use this property to measure the level spectrum of an artificial atom, is the subject of this article.

ISSN:0031-9228    

DOI:10.1063/1.881393

出版商:AIP    

年代:1993

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

Temperature is the most important parameter that one can vary in the laboratory to change the properties of matter so as to get a better understanding of its behavior. Heike Kamerlingh Onnes's liquefaction of helium‐4 in 1908 made the low‐kelvin‐temperature range accessible. Subsequent discoveries in low‐temperature physics included verification of essential predictions of quantum mechanics and statistical physics—for example, the temperature dependence of the specific heat of insulators and of metals. the introduction of the3He‐4Hedilution refrigerator in the late 1960s extended condensed matter physics into the millikelvin temperature range. Once again the opening of a new temperature range allowed many fundamental discoveries, particularly in condensed matter physics—heavy‐fermion superconductivity and the quantum Hall effect, for example.

ISSN:0031-9228    

DOI:10.1063/1.881377

出版商:AIP    

年代:1993

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

Fifty years ago last month Enrico Fermi demonstrated that a self‐sustaining nuclear chain reaction could be produced and controlled. It was a quantitative experiment, and it was Fermi who decided upon all the cautious steps to be followed and all the measurements to be made.

ISSN:0031-9228    

DOI:10.1063/1.881378

出版商:AIP    

年代:1993

数据来源: AIP

ISSN:0031-9228    

DOI:10.1063/1.2808776

出版商:AIP    

年代:1993

数据来源: AIP

ISSN:0031-9228    

DOI:10.1063/1.2808777

出版商:AIP    

年代:1993

数据来源: AIP