摘要:

Theory. The present study examines the processes underlying the disinhibition of the eating behaviour of restrained eaters following negative emotions. Based on Herman and Polivy's (1984) Boundary Model and Wegner's Ironic Process Theory(1994), the limited capacity hypothesis is formulated, suggesting that overeating in restrained eaters results from cognitive capacity limitations. Predictionswere that (1) impairment of cognitive capacity during eating will lead to overeating in restrained but not in unrestrained eaters and that(2) this difference should only emerge with food perceived to be high in calories.Method. The hypotheses were tested in an experiment with a 2 (restrained/unrestrained) × 2 (distraction yes/no) × 2 (perceived calories high/low) design, in which subjects consumed ice‐cream in a taste test situation. Ice‐cream consumption was the dependent variable.Results. A second‐order interaction was found: as predicted, in the high calorie condition restrained eaters ate the same amount as unrestrained eaters when not distracted, but considerably more when distracted. There was also an unexpected main effect of distraction, which indicated that restrained as well as unrestrained eaters ate more if distracted than if not distracted.Discussion. The restraint×distraction×perceived calories interaction can be explained by both the Ironic Process Theory and the Boundary Model; and the limited capacity hypothesis appears to be confirmed. The overall main effect of distraction remains puzzling. Two speculative views for the latter effect ar

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1348/135910702169303

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2002

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Objectives. This study was designed to assess the prevalence and persistence of symptoms of depression and anxiety during the first 12 months following acute myocardial infarction (MI).Design and methods. In a prospective study, 288 MI patients were assessed for symptoms of depression and anxiety using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) in hospital,2‐15 days following MI, and 4 and 12 months subsequently.Results. During hospitalization, 89 (30.9%) and 75 (26.1%) patients registered elevated BDI scores (≥10) and state anxiety scores (≥40), respectively. The 4 and 12 month prevalence rates were 37.7% and 37.2% for depressive symptoms, and 41.8% and 40.0% for anxious symptoms, respectively. Depression and anxiety were highly co‐morbid, with 51% of patients experiencing significant levels of depressive and anxious symptoms at baseline. More than half the patients with complete BDI and state anxiety data experienced either elevated symptoms of anxiety or depression throughout the first year following MI.Conclusions. Symptoms of depression and anxiety are prevalent, persistent problems during the first year following MI. This study highlights the importance of routine psychological assessment for MI patients both in hospital and after

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1348/135910702169321

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2002

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Objectives. Clinic studies demonstrate that people diagnosed with environmental illness experience high levels of disability and health care utilization. Even though the controversial status of this disorder attracts attention, actual prevalence estimates and estimated impact on health care systems are unclear. To address this, we sought both a prevalence estimate and a measure of the degree of health care utilization for those reporting this diagnosis.Design and methods. Point prevalence, as assessed by self‐report of professional diagnosis, was established with data from the Nova Scotia Health Survey 1995, a stratified, random sample population survey of 3227 Nova Scotian adults. We compared medical care utilization for the year following the survey, drawn from the provincial medical insurance register, between the 24 cases with no other reported medical conditions and 48 age‐, sex‐, and education level‐matched healthy controls.Results. The adjusted point prevalence of environmental illness was 2.6%. Physician reimbursement costs across the following year were 5.5 times more likely to be above the survey average ($259 CAD) when compared to the healthy control group.Conclusions. The prevalence of environmental illness diagnoses represents a significant disability and treatment burden, justifying research into case definition and the phenomenology of environmental illness by health psycho

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1348/135910702169330

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2002

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Objectives. We undertook this study to clarify the operative mechanisms that account for the relationship between emotional disclosure and health. We hypothesized that emotional disclosure via writing was a form of exposure‐based therapy and that exposure was the active therapeutic component.Design and method. A group of 129 male and female undergraduates were randomly assigned to three writing groups: (1) a trauma disclosure writing group; (2) a positive emotion writing group to control for affect arousal; and (3) a neutral writing group to control for any affect arousal ‐ either positive or negative. Process measures were taken before and after each 3‐day, 20‐minute writing session. All participantscompleted questionnaires that assessed psychological and physical functioning at both the baseline and the end of the semester (approximately 9 weeks later).Results. Groups reported differential affective arousal as well as disclosure themes in accord with our predictions. We did not replicate the findings of Pennebaker and his colleagues (e.g. Pennebaker&Beall, 1986). In our study, physical health outcome measures did not differ between groups by the end of the semester, nor did psychological measures change from baseline to follow‐up.Conclusions. We found only limited support for the hypothesis that exposure best explains the effects of written self‐disclosure. Implications for future research in this area ar

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1348/135910702169349

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2002

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Objectives. High exercise intensity may be associated with reduced adherence to exercise programmes, possibly because it is perceived as aversive. However, several authors have suggested that an intensity as high as 60% or 70% of maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max) is necessary for exercise to elicit positive affective changes. To elucidate this discrepancy, the affective responses to increasing levels of exercise intensity were examined.Design. In total, 30 volunteers rated their affect every minute as they ran on a treadmill while the speed and grade were progressively increased.Method. The methodology was unique in three respects: (1) affect was assessed in terms of the dimensions of the circumplex model instead of distinct affective states, (2) affect was assessed repeatedly before, during, and after exercise, not only before and after, and (3) exercise intensity was standardized across participants in terms of metabolically comparable phases (beginning, ventilatory threshold, VO2max) instead of percentages of maximal capacity.Results. Pre‐to‐post‐exercise comparisons indicated affective benefits in the form of increased energetic arousal and decreased tense arousal. During exercise, however, affective valence deteriorated beyond the ventilatory threshold and until VO2max, a trend that reversed itself instantaneously during cool‐down.Conclusions. Exercise intensity that requires a transition to anaerobic metabolism can have a transient but substantial negative impact on affect and this may, in turn, reduce adherence to exercise pro

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1348/135910702169358

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2002

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Objectives. Assess the moderating role of somatization on depression in the perception of fatigue for a healthy adult population.Design. Correlational survey.Methods. Several fatigue questionnaires, a mental healthinventory, somatic complaints and demographic data were collected from a targeted, randomly selected adult sample (N= 278).Results. Depression levels were positively and significantly related to all aspects of fatigue except fatigue that responds to rest and sleep (i.e. tiredness). When high levels of depression were coupled with somatization, fatigue complaints were more severe.Conclusions. Even within a non‐patient population, somatization and depression had interactive effects on fatigue. Somatization increased fatigue level for the relatively dysphoric individual

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1348/135910702169367

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2002

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Objectives. Binge eating among overweight women is associated with adverse physical and psychological consequences, and is known to occur in response to negative affect. This study sought to examine the role played by individual differences in coping style in the relationship between negative affect and binge eating.Method. Overweight women (N= 105) completed a battery of questionnaires that assessed their binge eating severity, negative affect, and dispositional coping style.Results. Women with higher levels of negative affect had more severe binge eating problems than those who generally experienced a low level of affective distress. Among those who were low in negative affect, however, those who tended to use the dysfunctional strategy of disengagement to cope with stress reported more severe binge eating than those who reported they were less likely to employ this coping style.Conclusions. The findings from this study emphasize the complexity and multicausality of affect‐related binge eating in overweight women. Prospective studies are required to establish the role of negative affect and coping style in the onset and progression of recurrent binge eating among overweight individual

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1348/135910702169376

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2002

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Objectives. The principal objective of the present paper was to investigate the utility of an extended theory of planned behaviour (TPB) for discriminating between stages of the transtheoretical model (TTM).Design. Congruent with Sutton (2000) a cross‐sectional design was employed. The study (N= 331) investigated the TPB and TTM in the domain of health‐related food choice.Method. The study utilized a questionnaire methodology. The data were analysed using analyses of variance and polynomial contrast analyses.Results. Results showed a significant linear trend for all TPB variables across TTM stages, although there were significant quadratic relationships between TTM stage and both subjective norm and behavioural intention. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that TTM stage might best be regarded as a proxy measure of behaviour.Conclusions. The present study provides evidence to support the utility of the TPB but casts doubt on the TTM. Further research is required to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions targeted at individuals in certain stages with variables informed by the TPB, and to extend the present findings beyond the domain of health‐related food c

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1348/135910702169385

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2002

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Objective. This study documents psychological well‐being, mental health and quality of life in a group of women diagnosed with an iatrogenic hepatitis C (HCV) infection and examines the relationship between HCV RNA status and adjustment to their illness.Design. A cross‐sectional design was used.Method. Psychological well‐being, mental health and quality of life were assessed in a consecutive clinical sample of 93 women who were anti‐HCV positive (ELISA, third generation). Of these, 33 had a self‐limiting HCV infection (HCV RNA negative), whereas 60 had chronic HCVinfection(HCV RNA positive).Results. Overall, psychological well‐being and mental health were diminished inall women and were best predicted by their level of social functioning, which accounted for between 42% and 57% of the variance. When comparing women with chronic HCV infection and those with a self‐limiting HCV infection, no differences were detected in quality of life and no association was found between HCV RNA status and a clinical diagnosis of depression or anxiety. Furthermore, no significant differences were demonstrated in HCV RNA positive women when compared according to liver histology on all measures.Conclusion. In both HCV RNA positive and HCV RNA negative women, high levels of psychological distress and impaired quality of life were found. Impairments were not related to HCV RNA status or li

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1348/135910702169394

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2002

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Objective. There have been few studies of attitudes to doctors and medicine, despite their potential importancein health psychology. The present study examines the effect on attitudes of setting (general practice vs. antenatal) and context (specific doctors vs. doctors in general).Method. Interview survey of 167 antenatal attenders and 113women general practice attenders, using an extended form of the Attitudes to Doctors and Medicine Scale of Marteau (1990).Results. Although antenatal attenders expressed more positive attitudes to doctors and medicine than general practice attenders, differences were small, and only statistically significant for 4 of 19 scale items. Compared with ratings of doctors in general, however, patients gave much more positive ratings to both their family doctor and the antenatal clinic doctors, the latter being rated higher than the former. Antenatal doctors were most likely to be rated as good doctors, to have the patient's absolute confidence, and to know what was best for them (allp<.001). The scale factor structure originally reported by Marteau could not be confirmed.Discussion. The results suggest that attitudes to doctors and medicine are strongly dependent on whether general stereotypes or particular experiences are assessed. They also suggest that the therapeutic context may be an important factor in the formation of attitudes.

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1348/135910702169312

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2002

数据来源: WILEY