摘要:

Background: When parents receive a diagnosis that their child is disabled, many families adjust to this healthily and cope well, but others do not. Feelings of hopelessness, social isolation of the family within the community and child behaviour problems have all been reported. While utilization of social support systems is well documented in the literature as being a significant factor in family coping and adjustment to the child's disability, less attention has been focused on the role of psychological factors.Objective: This theoretical study aims to address this inbalance by integrating perspectives from a social model of disability with psychological research on the role of cognitive change in families' coping and adjustment to having a disabled child, and thus to produce a new psychosocial model of disability‐related child behaviour problems.Method: Negative societal attitudes to disability identified by a social model of disability are interpreted with respect to how they might translate to parent views of their disabled child within the family. Resultant parenting beliefs and their possible implications for family interaction, child behaviour and family health and well‐being are explored within this new framework.Conclusions: The psychosocial model of disability‐related child behaviour problems provides a useful conceptual framework that has both clinical and research implications for professionals working with families with disabled chi

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1348/135910704322778687

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2004

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Objectives: This study was designed to validate the Cardiac Depression Scale (CDS) in a UK cardiac population.Method: A battery of questionnaires (the Medical Outcomes Study Short‐Form 36 [SF‐36] Health Survey, the Beck Depression Inventory [BDI], the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale [HADS] and the Cardiac Depression Scale [CDS]) was mailed to 487 individuals with coronary heart disease (CHD) recruited from cardiac support groups. The process was repeated on a subsample of 80 participants four‐six weeks later for the purpose of test‐retest analysis.Results: The response rate from the first administration was 81% and from the test‐retest subsample 54%. Factor analysis revealed a one‐factor solution with a high internal reliability (Cronbach's α = 0.93) and an acceptable test‐retest reliability (0.79). Concurrent validation against the SF‐36, BDI and HADS demonstrated strong correlations.Conclusions: The CDS is both a reliable and sensitive instrument for measuring depression in

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1348/135910704322778696

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2004

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Objective: This study tested potential moderator interactions between components of the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) in relation to ecstasy use, extending previous research. It was expected that attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control (PBC) would moderate each other in predicting intended use of this drug.Method: A cross‐sectional survey was administered to 200 young adults.Results: In hierarchical multiple regression analysis, past behaviour and attitude independently predicted intention; previous use of ecstasy and more positive attitudes towards ecstasy use were associated with stronger intentions to use this drug in the future. Moreover, there was a significant interaction between attitude and PBC (R2change= 0.05). Slope analysis revealed that PBC better predicted intention given more positive attitudes towards ecstasy use.Conclusions: This moderator function may help explain predictive inconsistencies reported in the literature. Implications for the TPB are considere

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1348/135910704322778704

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2004

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Objective: The present study investigated the extent to which direct (D) and indirect (ID) measures of unrealistic optimism truly capture people's beliefs about their comparative risk status.Method: Respondents (N= 425) were contacted in a general population survey. The D measure required respondents to estimate whether their personal chance of contracting an illness was above/below the average for people of the same age/gender. The ID measure was based on separate assessments of personal/others' chances.Results: Poor concurrent validity between the measures implied that one or both was tapping into perceptions unrelated to comparative risk. This was explored by examining the relationships between the measures and various health problem attributes (e.g. perceived preventability, personal experience). A picture emerged that suggested the D measure did not seem to reflect the effects of social comparison as much as the ID measure, a crucial criterion for a measure intended to elicitcomparativerisk ratings.Conclusion: When measuring unrealistic optimism by asking ‘Compared to other men/women your age how would you rate your chances of X?’ researchers should be sensitive to the possibility that the question is being interpreted simply as ‘How would you rate your chances o

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1348/135910704322778713

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2004

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The effects of humour on health were investigated using a sample of 504 individuals comprising three groups (community group, university students, and respondents with a medical condition). Hypotheses were:1that after controlling for other variables, humour would be significantly associated with health:2that individuals with a greater sense of humour would report significantly higher levels of good health as compared with those with less humour; and3that the assessment of the factor structure of the Multidimensional Sense of Humour Scale (MSHS) would support its construct validity in the Australian context.The present findings supported the view that a sense of humour is associated with health, and also provided support for the validity and reliability of the MSHS instrument.

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1348/135910704322778722

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2004

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The present study investigated whether adjustment of coping strategies would predict the six‐week course of fatigue symptoms in a primary care sample (N= 221) and whether the contribution of adjusting coping strategies would depend on the duration of fatigue at the time. It was hypothesized that the motivation to adjust coping strategies would be most present in people who are confronted with the possibility of their symptoms turning into a chronic condition, and not in people who have been fatigued for either a short period or a very long period. Moreover, it was hypothesized that adjustments in the employment of coping strategies are a better predictor of fatigue course than the continued use of particular coping strategies. Using a prospective design with a six‐week follow‐up, the results of a multisample LISREL analysis over four groups of participants differing in fatigue duration showed that adjustment of coping strategies is a significant predictor of the course of fatigue symptoms, and that a differential effect related to fatigue duration is present. Findings are discussed in the context of the role of coping in regulating psychosomatic sym

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1348/135910704322778731

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2004

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Objectives: We aim to provide an understanding of the psychological sequela of androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) in phenotypic females in order to begin to inform psychosocial health care services.Design: Eight adult women with AIS were recruited through the Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome Support Group‐United Kingdom (AISSG‐UK). Data was collected via two semi‐structured interviews with each woman.Methods: Transcripts were analysed using grounded theory and a conceptual model was developed which suggests a way of understanding the AIS distress experienced by the participants.Results: The pivotal concept is a woman's fear of devaluation. This is connected to her level of adaptation and perception of having a compromised womanhood. These, in turn, are related to her medical management and involvement with others via a support group and in talking about AIS.Conclusions: Participants showed a clear preference for open communication about their condition throughout the process of medical management. We recommend sensitive, pacing of information to allow young women and their families to make informed decisions about treatment and a realistic adaptation to life wit

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1348/135910704322778740

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2004

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Background: The processes involved in how individuals attribute symptoms to illness are important for understanding the basis of symptom complaints. In a study of patients undergoing travel vaccination, we investigated the association of trait negative affect (NA) and perceived sensitivity to medicines to reported symptoms and symptoms attributed by the patient to treatment.Methods: A sample of 121 patients attending a traveller's medical centre for vaccination prior to overseas travel completed a questionnaire prior to vaccination measuring trait NA, their perceived sensitivity to medicines, self‐rated health, as well as recent symptoms and doctor visits. Patients were assessed 20 min after the vaccination and again at seven days for their current symptoms and symptoms attributed to the vaccination.Results: We found both the number of symptom complaints and symptoms attributed to the vaccination immediately after treatment to be significantly associated with patients' perceived sensitivity to medicines and recent symptom complaints. At seven days, symptom complaints were also associated with perceived sensitivity to medicine as well as trait NA, while symptoms attributed by patients to the vaccination at seven days were significantly related to trait NA. At the seven‐day assessment, high trait NA was predictive of associating a far wider range of general symptoms to the vaccination.Conclusion: The results suggest that trait NA does not cause an increase in the reporting of physical symptoms in an illness or intervention that causes highly specific or immediate symptoms. However, trait NA plays an important role in the process of misattributing common symptoms to intervention or illness‐related causes and this process may help explain the association between trait NA and symptom repo

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1348/135910704322778759

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2004

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Background: Receiving negative test results may be associated with two problems:a. not being reassured and wanting further, unnecessary screening;b. not understanding residual risk and not attending future recommended screening.Aim: To test two hypotheses:1Emphasizing test accuracy and low residual risk when giving negative test results reduces a desire for further unnecessary screening, while also reducing a correct understanding of the meaning of the result.2The effect of emphasizing low risk on desire for future screening is mediated by lack of reassurance.Design: Experimental, vignette‐based study, with a 2 × 2 factorial design.Method: A sample of 184 women was asked to imagine that they had recently undergone a cervical screening test and received a normal result. They were given one of four hypothetical letters from their GP, differing in whether or not it emphasized test accuracy and low residual risk of developing cervical cancer. Participants completed a questionnaire assessing perceived risk, reassurance about test results, desire for further screening within six months and understanding of the test results.Results: Emphasizing test accuracy and low residual risk increases desire for inappropriate screening while reducing the understanding of residual risk. These effects are interactive, in that presenting both together has a larger effect than the sum of the two individual effects. The effect of emphasizing low risk on desire for future screening was mediated by reassurance.Conclusion: Emphasizing low residual risk and test accuracy is a double‐edged sword: it reduces a desire for unnecessary screening, but also reduces correct understanding of th

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1348/135910704322778768

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2004

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1348/135910704322778777

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2004

数据来源: WILEY