ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8287.1996.tb00486.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Recent advances in molecular genetics have led to the ability to test individuals for an increasing range of genetic diseases and conditions that may not become apparent until later life. There are a variety of views among health professionals about the desirability of offering predictive genetic testing to children, as reflected in a variety of clinical practices. Little is known about the views of parents and children on this matter. Similarly, little is known about the ability of children to make informed decisions about such tests, and the psychological consequences of testing for children and their families. This article reviews research that is relevant to these questions and highlights the areas in which studies are urgently needed.

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8287.1996.tb00487.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The relationships between illness perceptions, coping and adjustment were investigated in the context of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Self‐reported illness perceptions, coping, disability levels and psychological well‐being were assessed in a national sample of 233 CFS sufferers. A series of regression analyses indicated that illness perceptions explained a greater percentage of the variance in levels of disability and psychological well‐being than did the coping strategies used by the participants to manage their illness. The illness perception components of illness identity, emotional causes, controllability and consequences had the strongest overall association with adjustment such that participants with a strong illness identity, who believed their illness was out of their control, caused by stress and had very serious consequences were most disabled and psychologically impaired. Disengagement coping strategies and venting emotions were also associated with greater disability and poorer psychological well‐being, while positive reinterpretation and seeking social support were positively related to psychological well‐being. The potential role of illness perceptions in the maintenance of CFS is

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8287.1996.tb00488.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In an experimental investigation of disinhibition, dietary restrained and unrestrained participants viewed either videotaped television advertisements containing stereotypical images of culturally idealized women (the ‘stereotype’ condition) or matched advertisements which did not contain such images (the ‘neutral’ condition). It was hypothesized that dietary restrained female participants who viewed the ‘stereotype’ video would experience a temporary downward shift in State Self‐esteem (SSES) which would lead to a reduction in their cognitive control of food intake (restraint) resulting in higher levels of food consumption in a subsequent taste task. A significant difference in consumption was observed in line with the prediction, but the results failed to demonstrate that these differences were mediated by self‐esteem changes. The study supports the view that ‘the thin ideal’ plays an important role i

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8287.1996.tb00489.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A random sample of women (N= 614) was interviewed following a campaign to encourage uptake of cervical screening. Previously non‐screened women were sent leaflets explaining the purpose of cervical screening together with up to three invitation letters to encourage attendance. Following the campaign, socio‐demographic characteristics of women remaining unscreened were compared with those of the screened population to assess the role of service provision in ameliorating differences in uptake. A small social class differential existed after the call programme. The study tested the utility of cognitions specified by the Health Belief Model to distinguish participants versus non‐participants and to mediate the effects of marital status, social class and sexual experience in screening uptake. Overall, health beliefs, socio‐demographic variables and number of sexual partners accounted for 57 per cent of variance in screening uptake. Screened women reported greater sexual experience and the effects of sexual experience on screening uptake were mediated by perceived susceptibility, perceived costs, perceived benefits and normative belief. The effects of social class on screening uptake were mediated by perceived susceptibility, perceived aversiveness of the test procedure and perceived aversiveness of a positive result, suggesting persistent cultural barriers to uptake. No evidence was found to suggest that practical difficulties in attendance contributed to socio‐demographic differentials. These findings suggest that where repeated opportunities for screening are provided by the health service, health beliefs are sufficient to identify those who take up

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8287.1996.tb00490.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The aim of this study was to evaluate back pain patients' (N= 76) locus of control beliefs (LOC), especially associations of general LOC, health LOC and back pain LOC with cognitive and behavioural coping strategies, and other pain‐related cognitions. Coping self‐statements were significantly associated with more internal general and health‐related beliefs. Respectively, catastrophizing was significantly associated with weaker belief in personal control over health and back pain, and overall stronger belief in external control. Behavioural coping was significantly associated with stronger belief in control by others over back pain. Of other pain‐related cognitions, resourcefulness was associated with stronger belief in health‐related personal control, and feelings of helplessness with psychological distress and overall stronger belief in externa

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8287.1996.tb00491.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In a questionnaire study of 700 patients from a large UK National Health Service general hospital, proximal and organizational aspects of patient satisfaction were studied. Factor analysis revealed three components of proximal patient satisfaction: overallprocess of carein the hospital;improvement in and understanding of health; andpsychological well‐being. Eleven scales measuring relevant aspects of hospital care and environment were derived. In a second study, involving 483 patients from a different general hospital, confirmatory factor analyses confirmed the robustness of the factor structure derived in the first study. Finally, aspects of care that best predicted satisfaction were identified. These included nursing and medical information practices, socialization procedures and patient participation. The implications of these findings are explored in the context of organizational theories of participation and the potential applications of the findings are considere

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8287.1996.tb00492.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study aimed to validate the Impact of Event Scale (IES) using a sample of Second World War and Korean War veterans (N= 281), all of whom had experienced combat 40–50 years previously. Principal component analysis replicated the two‐factor (intrusion and avoidance) structure demonstrated by previous validation studies. Both factors had high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha for intrusion = .86, avoidance = .73). The correlation between the subscales was .64. The overall scale successfully predicted levels of psychological distress. These results provide further evidence that the IES is a useful instrument for assessing the impact of trauma across a range of populati

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8287.1996.tb00493.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A small study was undertaken to examine the relationship between urinary symptoms, unwanted sexual experiences, psychological disturbance and sexual adjustment in incontinent women, using standardized measures. Subjects scored highly on all measures. Patients reported a high incidence of rape/attempted rape. Suggestions are made for further research.

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8287.1996.tb00494.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY