摘要:

Mother to child transmission of HIV (vertical transmission) is the main source of paediatric HIV in the UK and worldwide. Research in Europe indicates that the rate of vertical transmission is 15–20 per cent. This rate is lower than that of less developed countries such as those in sub‐Saharan Africa where the rate is approximately 30 per cent. Approximately 40 per cent of HIV+ children develop AIDS within the first four years of life. Prognosis is poor for children who rapidly progress from asymptomatic to symptomatic HIV disease. Neurological and associated conditions are common in children and frequently take the form of developmental delay, neurological symptoms, specific cognitive difficulties and sometimes behavioural problems. However, there are a growing number of children who survive for longer, due in part to advances in medical understanding, but in whom visuo‐spatial and language problems are common. It has been difficult to separate the effects of HIV andin uterodrug exposure but recent studies point to the effects of parental intravenous drug use (IVDU) as more important than HIV in the emergence of behavioural difficulties in HIV+ children. Factors such as chronic illness (in parents, child, or both), stigmatization of HIV and missed schooling may also contribute to psychological and emotional difficu

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8287.1997.tb00519.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1997

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Objectives. To investigate the influence of body composition, sensation seeking and basic coping styles on gender differences in alcohol habits, i.e. (1) beverage preferences, (2) consumed amounts of alcohol per drinking occasion and (3) yearly consumption of alcohol.Design. Matched sample factorial design. A male and a female sample of adults were matched for age and education.Methods. The dependent variables were alcohol habits and the independent variables were body composition, basic coping styles and sensation seeking. Using factorial ANOVAs with the independent variables as covariates (regression approach), we tested possible differences in alcohol habits of the male (N= 132) and the female (N= 225) sample.Results. Controlling for gender differences in body composition and coping styles reduced considerably the male excess in consumption of beer and liquor per drinking occasion, while the female excess of wine increased. The male excess in total yearly consumption of beer was reduced, but not removed. There were no significant gender differences in total yearly consumption of alcohol after controlling for the independent variables.Conclusions. Controlling for total body water, basic coping styles and sensation seeking, reduces considerably, but does not remove, gender differences in alcohol habits. In future studies on gender and alcohol, coping styles and factors allowing calculation of body composition should be routinely registered.

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8287.1997.tb00520.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1997

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Objectives. This study assesses the reliability and factor structure of six positive and six negative dimensions of perceived control with people with insulin‐dependent diabetes.Design. The dimensional structure of these six positive and six negative constructs was assessed in terms of six one‐factor models, where positive and negative factors were combined. This solution was compared with one where a separate factor structure was proposed for each of the positive and negative dimensions.Methods. The reported results were based upon a series of confirmatory factor models using weighted least squares.Results. Maintaining a separate factor structure for the positive and negative dimensions was the preferred solution. The reliabilities from these 12 factors ranged from .59 to .74.Conclusions. These results provide evidence for the internal validity and reliability of this particular measure of perceived control among individuals with insulin‐dependent dia

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8287.1997.tb00521.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1997

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Objectives. Construct overlap among important variables in health psychology was studied. Competing theories related to the reporting of medically unexplained symptoms (somatization) and illness severity were examined. These objectives were studied in the setting of insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM).Design. A correlational design was employed. Sufficient numbers of participants were sought in order to test theories of symptom reporting using structural equation modelling and other multivariate techniques.Methods. Two hundred and two people with IDDM attending a diabetes out‐patient clinic acted as participants. Personality traits, alexithymia and illness‐related coping factors were the key psychological constructs studied. Experience of medically unexplained symptoms (somatization) and diabetes severity were measured.Results. Neuroticism, alexithymia and negative emotion coping were all significantly related to somatization, and there was significant construct overlap. Competing models of symptom reports—transactional versus negative affectivity—were formulated and tested using structural equation modelling. However, the best fitting model was one that integrated features of both. Constructs showed considerable overlap, with evidence for a very general factor related to the reporting of negative affects and bodily disturbances. However, there is also evidence of unique variance in constructs, especially that of negative emotion coping.Conclusions. Important constructs used in health psychology show significant overlap, and this general source of variance warrants further study. Despite overlap, constructs contributed unique variance to health outcomes. Transactional and negative affectivity models of symptom reporting may be reconciled in an integrated model. Generalization of the models tested here to other illness samples and healthy individuals is recommended. Suggestions are made for further research to refine constructs in health psychology and to limit their present

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8287.1997.tb00522.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1997

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The aim of this study was to develop the items for a new quality of life assessment—the WHOQOL—which would simultaneously create a UK national instrument as well as contribute to an international pool of items for a cross‐cultural measure. The important ways which people in contemporary Britain represent facets of their quality of life relating to health were investigated by obtaining samples of patients, health professionals and community members who participated in extended focus group discussions. The method of using focus groups to create three types of items for the WHOQOL is described. The relevance, importance and comprehensiveness of 33 facets of quality of life, and five domains proposed for the WHOQOL, was largely confirmed. Rankings showed that happiness was the most important aspect of quality of life, and religion and dependence on substances least important, yet highly valued by a subsection. Free‐listing highlighted omissions of job insecurity, fears of loss or bereavement, the need for loving relationships and specific environmental concerns like pollution. These were first considered for inclusion in the international core and then as items specific to the national instrument. This is the first stage in the development of a generic profile for internatio

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8287.1997.tb00523.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1997

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Objectives. To explore the theoretical utility of current health psychology in understanding the occurrence of unprotected anal sex amongst gay men in relationships.Design. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis was employed to highlight the utility of incorporating the perspective of gay men in addressing a theoretical understanding of sexual decision making.Methods. Twenty in‐depth interviews were conducted with working‐class gay men from a small South Yorkshire town. These were transcribed and analysed for recurrent themes which reflect the way gay men thought about sex and relationships.Results. There were many differences between the way gay men thought about sexual activity and the way health psychology assumes men think about it. Within the context of romantic relationships men often privileged the expression of commitment, trust and love as more important than their own health.Conclusions. Psychological theory relating to sexual health would benefit from a consideration of the way gay men report thinking about sexual behaviour in the context of romantic relationships. Such an informed theory would direct sexual health promotion beyond the simple provision of cond

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8287.1997.tb00524.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1997

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:Managing Chronic Illness: A Biopsychosocial Perspective.Edited byP. M. Nicassio&T. W. Smith.The Body Under Stress: Developing Skills for Keeping Healthy.ByEd Conduit.Handbook of Work and Health Psychology.Edited byM. J. Schabracq, J. A. M. Winnubst&C. L. Cooper.

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8287.1997.tb00525.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1997

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8287.1997.tb00526.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1997

数据来源: WILEY