摘要:

Purpose: To critically review the research based on Lazarus and Folkman's (1984) stress and coping model, in respect to the coping of those caring for persons with dementia in the community, in an attempt to establish its implications for interventions aimed at improving caregiver adjustment.Method: Published material on the coping of caregivers of persons with dementia was identified through computerized literature searches (Med‐line, Psych‐Info) to December 1999, employing search terms including Alzheimer's disease, dementia, caregiving, caregiver burden, adaptation, psychological, coping, and stress. Studies were chosen to be considered in detail, based on the reviewer's opinion that they would contribute to an understanding of the current state of the research and its clinical implications. This material was then critically reviewed against the tenets of Lazarus and Folkman's (1984) model.Results: Sixteen studies were selected to be included in the review, 12 cross‐sectional and 4 longitudinal. Seven of the studies did not incorporate coping measures specific to caregiving and/or assess coping in respect of specific caregiver problems. Nine of the studies did do this. The research suggests that a general tendency towards problemsolving and acceptance styles of coping is likely to be advantageous to caregivers of people with dementia.Conclusions: Despite this finding, it is concluded that the ability of the research to inform the clinician is severely limited. It is proposed that while longitudinal studies considered specific caregiver problems which incorporate coping measures specific to the caregiving task may improve understanding, a substantial revision of methodology and perspective may be required to produce findings that are likely to influence pra

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1348/135910703762879174

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2003

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the theory of planned behaviour's (TPB) mediating hypothesis between the five‐factor model of personality and exercise behaviour using an extended TPB model including concepts of affective and instrumental attitude, injunctive and descriptive norm, controllability, and selfefficacy. It was hypothesized that extraversion's activity facet would have a significant direct effect on exercise behaviour while controlling for the TPB, based on the presupposition that activity may represent a disposition that predicts exercise beyond planned behaviour.Design: To test the replicability of these findings, we examined this research question with undergraduate students prospectively and cancer survivors, using a cross‐sectional design.Results: Using structural equation modelling, the results indicated that activity had a significant effect (p<.05) on exercise behaviour (study 1 = .20; study 2 = .31) while controlling for the TPB.Conclusions: This study suggests the importance of extraversion's activity facet on exercise behaviour, even when controlling for a TPB model with additional socialcognitive concepts and disparate population samp

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1348/135910703762879183

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2003

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The authors of the Theories of Reasoned Action and Planned Behaviour recommended a method for statistically analysing the relationships between beliefs and the Attitude, Subjective Norm, and Perceived Behavioural Control constructs. This method has been used in the overwhelming majority of studies using these theories. However, there is a growing awareness that this method yields statistically uninterpretable results (Evans, 1991). Despite this, the use of this method is continuing, as is uninformed interpretation of this problematic research literature. This is probably due to the lack of a simple account of where the problem lies, and the large number of alternatives available. This paper therefore summarizes the problem as simply as possible, gives consideration to the conclusions that can be validly drawn from studies that contain this problem, and critically reviews the many alternatives that have been proposed to address this problem. Different techniques are identified as being suitable, according to the purpose of the specific research project.

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1348/135910703762879192

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2003

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Objectives: Malnourishment is common in older adults, and nutritional supplementation is used to improve body weight and well‐being. Clinical reports suggest, however, that patients routinely reject sip‐feeds. The present study examined the following questions: whether sip‐feeds are less preferred and less likely to be selected than other energy‐dense foods in healthy elders; and whether eating alone further reduces intake relative to eating in a social setting.Methods: Twenty‐one healthy older adults (aged 60‐79 years) attended the laboratory on three occasions. Subjects rated six different flavours of sip‐feed and then rated the pleasantness of the taste of the favoured flavour against five other energy‐dense familiar foods/drinks. Intake of these foods was measured when subjects ate alone or in a group of familiar others.Results: Favourite flavour of sip‐feed compared well with other more familiar foods and was selected as part of a snack. Snack intake increased by 60% when consumed in a group setting compared with eating alone.Conclusions: The study suggests that sip‐feeds are rated as pleasant and selected by free‐living elders. Rejection of sip‐feeds in hospitalized elders may relate more to loss of appetite than to the taste preference for sip‐feeds, and that eating alone rather than in groups of familiar others is likely to

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1348/135910703762879200

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2003

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Objectives: This study reports an application of protection motivation theory (PMT) to the prediction of parental adherence to eye patching recommendations for children with amblyopia over a 2‐month period. The study also considered the role of past behaviour in PMT.Design and methods: A total of 151 parents of children with amblyopia who were attending follow‐up appointments for orthoptic treatment participated. They completed questionnaires based on PMT to assess their beliefs about amblyopia and eye patching. Of the parents, 105 were contacted again at 2‐month follow‐up to obtain a measure of adherence to the recommended treatment for their child.Results: PMT was found to be predictive of adherence intentions and behaviour at 2‐month follow‐up. Regression analyses revealed perceived vulnerability, response efficacy and self‐efficacy to be significant predictors of protection motivation, whereas perceived vulnerability and response costs were significant predictors of adherence behaviour. Past adherence behaviour was found to have a direct effect on future adherence behaviour over and above the influence of PMT.Conclusions: The results are discussed in relation to the sufficiency of PMTas a model of adherence behaviour. The practical implications for attempts to increase adherence to eye patching among children with amblyopia

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1348/135910703762879219

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2003

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Objectives: To examine the construct validity of the RSI in a contemporary cohort. Design. A cross‐sectional investigation of 1,717 employed individuals who responded to the second stage of a study of occupational stress.Methods: Scores on the RSI are compared to smoking and drinking habits, social class, and two measures of health (number of days sick leave, and number of visits to a GP during the previous year). The RSI was compared to three questionnaires measuring concepts related to stress: the 12‐item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ‐12), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and the Karasek Job Strain Questionnaire.Results: Higher levels of stress, as measured by the RSI, were associated with smoking a greater number of cigarettes, and, if the respondent drank alcohol, greater consumption of alcoholic drinks. High levels of stress were also associated with having taken more days sick leave, having made more frequent visits to a GP, and, somewhat unexpectedly, with being a teetotaller, and with holding a non‐manual occupation. Of the questionnaire measures, the strongest association was between the RSI and HADS anxiety subscale, consistent with an overlap between the concepts of stress and anxiety.Conclusions: This study supports the construct validity of the RSI in a sample of employed indi

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1348/135910703762879228

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2003

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Objectives: It is evident that sleep patterns have direct effects on fatigue. However, the multidimensionality of fatigue may imply that complex patterns of relationships exist between fatigue and sleep characteristics. We aimed to study the correlations between fatigue and quantitative and qualitative sleep measurements, while taking into consideration depression and somatization which are known to affect both sleep and fatigue. We predicted that sleep quality, unattained by the effects of somatization and depression, would affect perceived fatigue more than the quantitative characteristics of sleep.Design: Employing a cross‐sectional design, hypotheses were addressed using multiple hierarchical regression analyses according to established methods.Methods: Data were gathered from a targeted, randomly selected adult sample (N= 278) by means of subjective sleep reports, a mental health inventory, somatization inventory, several fatigue questionnaires and a demographic questionnaire.Results: Fatigue was significantly predicted by depression scores, somatization levels and subjective sleep quality, but not quantitative sleep characteristics such as sleep latency, nocturnal awakenings and early morning arousals. Depression levels were positively and significantly related to all aspects of fatigue except physical fatigue and fatigue that responds to rest and sleep. Physical fatigue was correlated with somatization, but not depression.Conclusions: The data further our understanding of the multifaceted nature of human fatigue and underline the greater importance of perceived sleep quality, compared to other sleep characteristics, in predicting fatigu

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1348/135910703762879237

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2003

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Objectives: Evidence is accumulating that positive mental states are more than the absence of symptoms, and may play an independent role in health outcomes. The aim of this study is to compare the characteristics and determinants of positive and negative mental states in a population sample.Design: A novel analysis of data was undertaken from the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ‐30) which was completed by 6,317 participants in the Health and Lifestyle Survey at Time 1 and 3,778 at Time 2, 7 years later.Methods: We derived a positive well‐being scale (POS‐GHQ) based on positive responses to the positive items of the GHQ‐30, and compared it to a standard symptom measure (CGHQ). Discriminant function analyses were performed to establish which demographic, health and social variables best accounted for scores on each scale.Results: The distributional properties of the two scales, together with the results of the discriminant analyses, demonstrate a degree of independence between positive and negative well‐being. Over one third of the sample obtained either low scores on both positive and negative well‐being measures or high scores on both measures. Disability and lack of social roles were important determinants of psychological symptoms, but had less influence on positive well‐being. Having paid employment was an important determinant of positive well‐being but had less influence on psychological symptoms. We also found that 7‐year mortality was predicted more strongly by the absence of positive well‐being than by the presence of psychological symptoms.Conclusions: These findings point to the need to include measures of positive well‐being in studies of health outcomes and quali

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1348/135910703762879246

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2003

数据来源: WILEY