ISSN:0275-5408    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-1313.1986.tb00695.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract‐Beginning with the seventeenth century, when the main scientific foundations were laid, an account is given of the development of various clinical techniques for the assessment of visual acuity and amctropia. Both subjective and objective methods of refraction, with associated instrumentation, are reviewed. Among the more recent techniques described are meridional refraction, astigmatic decomposition, and photorefraction. In various fields, some little known contributions of particular interest are brought to ligh

ISSN:0275-5408    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-1313.1986.tb00696.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Although it is well established that autonomic control of ocular accommodation is predominantly parasympathetic, many investigators have, over the last 150 years, proposed that a supplementary sympathetic innervation should be considered. Particular attention is directed in this review to previous literature providing anatomical, physiological and pharmacological evidence for dual innervation of the ciliary muscle. Clinical and psychological evidence is shown to be equivocal. A review of recent laser optometry studies of tonic (“dark‐focus”) resting positions of accommodation indicates that the inhibitory nature of sympathetic innervation suggested by the majority of previous studies can be further defined with respect to specific adrenergic receptors. The implications of dual innervation relating to ocular accommodation during sustained near‐vision tasks is di

ISSN:0275-5408    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-1313.1986.tb00697.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Following on from a cross‐sectional analysis of refraction data (Saunders, 1981), the present paper attempts the evaluation of serial recordings of a new sample of refractive corrections using longitudinal methods. This study compares the results of the cross‐sectional and longitudinal methods, investigates whether or not the latter supports the conclusions of the former, examines to what accuracy this is achieved and, where the results differ, seeks a reason for this. It is demonstrated that in spite of such differences the two methods coincide in their conclusi

ISSN:0275-5408    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-1313.1986.tb00698.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A keratometric photokeratoscopic study of 220 eyes representative of a normal population leads to the ellipsoid corneal model proposed. This model is applicable to the design of rigid corneal lenses and to the calculation of computer models of the dioptric system of the eye. The results obtained show that (1) there is a systematic difference between central keratometric and photokeratoscopic measurements that is statistically but not clinically significant, (2) a significant number of corneas steepen at the periphery, (3) the corneal shape varies greatly with a normal population and (4) peripheral and central astigmatisms are usually similar.

ISSN:0275-5408    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-1313.1986.tb00699.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Measurements of tonic accommodation (TA) were made on 25 subjects using He‐Ne laser optometry (HNL), infra‐red optometry (IR) and near retinoscopy (NR) under darkroom conditions. All three techniques were shown to produce comparable mean estimates of TA (HNL: 1.10 D; IR: 1.15 D; NR: 1.07 D). Significant correlations were found between HNL and IR (r= 0.88,p<0.001) and between HNL and NR (r= 0.81.p<0.001). Control studies under cycloplegia indicate that the estimates are not seriously affected by fluctuations in accommodative state. These findings indicate that ophthalmic practitioners can gain access to refractive data that aids the clinical management of the “anomalous myopias” and asthenopia associated with V

ISSN:0275-5408    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-1313.1986.tb00700.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The method of averaging was applied to the results of repeated measures of the longitudinal horopter for four subjects classified as binocularly normal and one anisometropic amblyope. The results produced a refined horopter locus and suggested that the so‐called Vieth‐Mueller circle is an adequate describer of the empirical longitudinal horopter, except in those cases involving uncorrected aniseiko

ISSN:0275-5408    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-1313.1986.tb00701.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Data were obtained from a normal clinical population regarding heterophoria, associated phoria and short‐term prism adaptation in an attempt to differentiate between those subjects with symptoms and those without. Correlation between heterophoria, associated phoria, prism adaptation and symptoms was low. A short prism‐adaptation test was found to be of little value in diagnosing decompensated heterophoria in the general population. Subjects diagnosed as having decompensated heterophoria did not have an abnormal short‐term prism‐adaptation system. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed in relation to the diagnosis of decompensated heterophoria and the prescribing of prismatic corr

ISSN:0275-5408    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-1313.1986.tb00702.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A literature survey of amplitudes of accommodation in various countries is presented. Results of push‐up and minus‐lens determination of 447 patients in Nigeria are compared with previous results. A smaller decrement in amplitude due to temperature than previously accepted is sugges

ISSN:0275-5408    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-1313.1986.tb00703.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Dark adaptation was measured for patients with age‐related maculopathy (ARM) and for age‐matched controls; green and red test stimuli were flashed 15d̀ from the fovea to examine differential effects of ARM on rod and cone functions, respectively. The ARM patients showed decreases in sensitivity for both rods and cones (0.5‐ 1.5 log units) and an increased time constant of recovery for rod function. After 20 min in the dark, sensitivity to both red and green stimuli was depressed at the fovea and at 5, 10, 15 and 25d̀ eccentric to the fovea. The greatest sensitivity loss was found in the macular area (fovea and 5d̀ eccentric). Our data suggest that the ARM patients have an abnormality in both rod‐ and cone‐adaptation systems over a relatively large retinal area which extends beyond the zone of visual field

ISSN:0275-5408    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-1313.1986.tb00704.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY