摘要:

Various theories of language acquisition are discussed: behavioristic, nativistic, and cognitive. Linguistically‐oriented theories are compared with learning‐oriented theories, and four controversial issues of frequency of stimuli, imitation, expansion, and meaning are reviewed. The theories are all rather unsubstantial at present. Reading acquisition seems to be very different from language acquisition, and the theories of language acquisition appear to have little to offer anyone in coming to a better understanding of how beginning reading should be tau

ISSN:0023-8333    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1971.tb00487.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

After a detailed consideration of Saporta's (1966) “paradox of second‐language learning” as a point of departure, the nature of paradoxes in general is discussed, particularly the conclusions they force upon a researcher. The nature of Saporta's paradox is then dealt with in terms of the linguistic aspects of second‐language learning. This leads to the proposal of a research strategy involving profiles of idealized learners with specific types of individual differences. Detailed suggestions are provided for experiments relevant to the wayindividualsactually learn second la

ISSN:0023-8333    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1971.tb00488.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In the face of scepticism regarding the value of modern psychology for language teaching, attempts have been made by some psychologists to adopt a group approach to language learning which takes into account personality, motivational, and emotional factors. Both a theory of language learning and a practical methodology for language teaching can be gathered from the research of Curran (1961, 1966). “Community Language Learning” (CLL) emerged as an application of the group counseling process to language teaching and learning. Five demonstrations of CLL at the University of Michigan suggested the emergence of a theory of human learning. Practical results were: (i) quick apprehension of the phonology of an inflected, but not of a tone language; (ii) difficulties and insights experienced by both client and counselor; and (iii) positive motivational fact

ISSN:0023-8333    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1971.tb00489.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

At face value, the application of some aspects of transformational‐generative theories of language to second language pedagogy would seem to preclude the use of conditioning. These theories, however, do not debar conditioning from learning certain aspects of language. In fact, some specialists concerned with foreign language pedagogy recommend the use of conditioning for the learning of surface features of languages. The central question, then, is not whether conditioning should be used in second language learning and teaching but to what extent it should be used. Tentatively, it would seem that elements of universal grammar could be dedutively presented to the student in an effort to provide cognitive mediation between the surface features of the native and target languages. Conditioning could then be used to give the student control of the surface forms of the target languag

ISSN:0023-8333    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1971.tb00490.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

It is important for language teaching to show how grammar and meaning are interrelated in the structure of language. One way in which this interrelationship can be revealed is through an analysis of the activities and states of perceiving the five senses: sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch. Examples of these pairs of perception verbs are presented in English (e.g. “listen to”– theactivityof using the ears; “hear”—thestateof using the ears), and the constraints which operate upon these verbs are discussed in some detail. The paper concludes with examples of perception verbs in other languages and a discussion of a third type of perception verb, resultative verbs (e.g. “to sound”—theresultof the state o

ISSN:0023-8333    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1971.tb00491.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Scores on a test of article usage are correlated with scores on the U.C.L.A. ESL Placement Examination in order to determine the extent to which article usage relates to other English skills. Comparisons of article usage scores are made among various groups of non‐native speakers according to native language. Implications for the contrastive analysis hypothesis are explored. Results show that skill in article usage is closely related with overall proficiency. This is more true in the case where the learner's native language uses formal equivalents of the English articles. No conclusion can be drawn concerning the contrastive analysis hypothesis although positive transfer is demonstrate

ISSN:0023-8333    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1971.tb00492.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A communicator's skill can be represented as the social distance across which he has an effect upon audiences. In a hypothetical “sun and planets” model, the communicator reaches audiences whose orbits are increasingly distant from himself; these audiences are expected to become more heterogeneous and less predictable with greater (social) distance. In a preliminary experiment, 24 compositions written by second‐grade Mexican‐American children were presented to a panel of six adult judges. Each judge chose the six compositions he considered “best” (most proficient or preferred) and the six he considered “worst.” The frequencies with which particular compositions were chosen and the level of agreement among judges were studied. Two tentative findings were discussed: the pattern of choices of “worst” compositions was not the mirror image of the pattern of choices of “best” compositions, and there was high agreement on choices for “best” compositions among the three judges who seemed mos

ISSN:0023-8333    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1971.tb00493.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

According to Kenneth Goodman (1967), reading is a psycholinguistic process in which the reader, guided by (he knowledge of the language being read, reconstructs an encoded message by selecting syntactic and semantic cues as he proceeds. To read in a foreign language, we use basically the same method, even though native language interference and unfamiliarity with the code make the process much more complex. Foreign students consider vocabulary their most serious handicap in reading English; because of the nature of the reading process, words are the smallest physical meaningful units of the message and they play a more important role and constitute more of a problem than we are sometimes willing to concede. Current pedagogical approaches to dealing with this problem could be modified with a more accurate understanding of the reading process. Several specific suggestions are made.

ISSN:0023-8333    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1971.tb00494.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

[These are the first two parts of a three‐part report on the development of a program at the English Language Institute which uses documentary films for the improvement of aural comprehension, speaking, writing, and reading in English as a second language. Part I is a general description of the program; Part II is a discussion of thewritingaspects of the program; Part III, to appear in the next issue ofLanguage Learning, will discuss the treatment of aural comprehension in the program. The program itself will be published under the titleFilms for Advanced Practice in Aural Comprehension, Vocabulary Building, and Composition, by H. Joan Morley and Mary S. Lawrence (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, forthcoming)

ISSN:0023-8333    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1971.tb00495.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book Reviewed in this article:ENGLISH AS A SECOND LANGUAGE: A READER, by Edward T. Erazmus and Harry J. Cargas.READING GOALS FOR THE DISADVANTAGED, edited by J. Allen Figurel.

ISSN:0023-8333    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1971.tb00496.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY