摘要:

A passage in English was translated into Vietnamese and Thai, and a passage in Thai and one in Vietnamese were each translated into English. Speakers of English (35 subjects), Thai (122), and Vietnamese (115) were tested on the cloze passages in their native languages, and the Thais and Vietnamese, all of whom had studied English as a foreign language (EFL) for at least six years, were tested in the English passages. Response types of natives and non‐natives were compared. Native speakers in contrast to non‐natives made almost no responses which failed to conform to at least some of the contextual constraints in the cloze tests. The errors of natives were not only fewer but tended to be different in type. Mean scores for native speakers on the originals and translations revealed that carefully translating a passage from one language into another yields cloze tests of approximately equal difficulty in both languages. Item analyses, and K‐R (20) measures of reliability ranging from .80 to .98 indicate considerable internal validity for the cloze tests used with non‐natives. A comparison of items (on the English passages only) by the grammatical category of the response(s) most frequently employed by natives, item facility for natives and non‐natives, and the determinacy of items stated in terms of the number of different correct responses given by native speakers, showed little obvious interdependence among these variables. The context of items was apparently much more important than any other single variable contributing to item d

ISSN:0023-8333    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1972.tb00069.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Recent linguistic investigations have revealed that there is a good fit between English orthography and English pronunciation and that this goodness of fit is valid for different dialects of English. Thus, it is suggested that these relations be used in reading and spelling instruction for students of English as a second language (ESL). While revisions to account for speech differences may be necessary and while students whose native language uses the Roman alphabet may have problems of interference, procedures for native speakers may be used with second language learners. In addition, the orthography may assist one in acquiring additional knowledge of English.

ISSN:0023-8333    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1972.tb00070.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The hypothesis that contrastive analysis can serve to predict levels of difficulty that non‐native speakers will have in learning English syntactic patterns is examined. Two tests of English syntax were administered to nearly 2500 Japanese students. The test results are compared to predictions of the relative difficulty of the test items that were derived from four different contrastive analyses. The comparison indicates that the contrastive analyses are inadequate predictors of subject performance. Certain properties of subject performance are discussed, especially the role that the complexity of English constructions may play in determining Japanese difficulty on the test

ISSN:0023-8333    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1972.tb00071.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study attempted to determine if the stem ending to which an inflection is affixed influenced the acquisition of the plural allomorphs by young children. The materials consisted of forty‐six nonsense monosyllables, two examples for each possible, final, single consonant in English. Using the technique developed by Berko, the researcher discovered that children do significantly better inflecting some stems requiring a particular allomorph than inflecting other stems requiring the same allomorph. In other words, the stem ending does influence the acquisition of the plural allomorphs. Children's rules for plural inflections are also discussed briefl

ISSN:0023-8333    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1972.tb00072.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Free associations and eight types of restricted associations were obtained to 40 nouns from 24 American students of German under four conditions: EE, GG, EG and GE (where English (E) and German (G) are stimulus and response languages, respectively). Because many interlingual responses were translations or partially identical with the stimuli their interlingual variability was lower than that of the intralingual free associations. Interlingual responses were primarily, paradigmatic whereas intralingual responses were syntagmatic. The variabilities of all interlingual and of some intralingual restricted associations were larger than those of free associations. The overlap between different types of restricted associations was markedly higher for the second than for the first language. In the interpretations, classes of possible responses were compared with “subjective” response preferences and s

ISSN:0023-8333    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1972.tb00073.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The development of phrase structure (PS) rules is observed from grammars written for ten children of increasing linguistic sophistication. The simplified PS rules described by Rosenbaum (1967) provïde the grammatical framework. The results suggest five stages of development, during which subject noun phrases and verb phrases become obligatory, and complements and relative clauses appear

ISSN:0023-8333    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1972.tb00074.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Any innovative curriculum to be designed for the training of English teachers in urban schools should consider at least two basic assumptions: (1) Black English is a linguistic system in its own right and, (2) current English instruction fails to motivate the child toward his school subject because of the lack of creative programs in most American schools. A number of descriptive and historical aspects of Negro non‐standard English are discussed, and, in a plea for greater relevancy, various motivational factors regarding current English instruction are examined. Finally, an appeal is made to create more interdisciplinary programs in order to help future teachers acquire appropriate attitudes and gain motivational and methodological insights, in the expectation that this would contribute toward the solution of some of our most urgent problems in urban educatio

ISSN:0023-8333    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1972.tb00075.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

[This is the third of a three‐part report on the development of a program at the English Language Institute which uses documentary films for the improvement of aural comprehension, speaking, writing, and reading in English as a second language. Part I was a general description of the program; Part II was a discussion of thewritingaspects of the program; the first two parts appeared inLanguage Learning, Volume 21, Number 1 (June 1971) pp. 117‐135; Part III is a discussion of the treatment of aural comprehension in the progr

ISSN:0023-8333    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1972.tb00076.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The study reported here represents the culmination of the development and application of a research strategy whereby hypotheses generated in the clinical circumstance are transposed to a behavioral realm where more rigorous, reproducible, reliable, and valid experimentation is feasible (Guiora 1970). Our concern has chiefly been to apply this strategy to the concept of empathy, choosing as the transposed realm of behavior, language, in particular, authenticity of pronunciation of a second language. In a series of studies we investigated the hypothesis that empathy plays a significant role in the ability to authentically pronounce a second language. The measure which proved to be most successful in predicting authenticity of pronunciation was the Micro‐Momentary Expression (MME) test as modified by us. The present study confirms the original hypothesis that empathy as measured by the MME is positively related to the ability to authentically pronounce a second language. Essentially the MME measure coupled with the Verbal Mental Reasoning test of intelligence and a simple but apparently effective measure of motivation provide, we believe, a major contribution to the prediction of pronunciation ability. Adding the Army Language Aptitude Test as a linguistic measure, the combined instruments constitute a powerful predictive batter

ISSN:0023-8333    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1972.tb00077.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book Reviewed in this article:INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS, by Ronald Wardhaugh.WRITING ENGLISH AS A SECOND LANGUAGE, by Jewell Friend.GUIDED COMPOSITION, by Florence Baskoff.AMERICAN ENGLISH RHETORIC: WRITING FROM SPOKEN MODELS FOR BILINGUAL STUDENTS, by Robert G. Bander.STUDIES IN ENGLISH TO SPEAKERS OF OTHERS OF OTHER LANGUAGES AND STANDARD ENGLISH TO SPEAKERS OF A NON‐STANDARD DIALECT, edited by Rodolfo Jacobso

ISSN:0023-8333    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1972.tb00078.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY