ISSN:0265-8240    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9930.1984.tb00311.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0265-8240    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9930.1984.tb00312.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Ross's (1975) assessment of the Scandinavian drinking‐and‐driving laws was a pivotal paper in the international literature because, in many ways, Norway and Sweden offer a critical test of the “tough approach” to deterring alcohol‐ impaired drivers. The present review raises some methodological and philosophical questions about Ross's approach to the Scandinavian data and examines four types of indirect evidence for deterrence in Norway and Sweden. While no conclusive evidence for deterrence could be identified, there was internal consistency in the pattern of circumstantial evidence pointing to a workable system of external restraints and internal controls in Scandinavia; and this pattern of evidence contrasted sharply with that obtained i

ISSN:0265-8240    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9930.1984.tb00313.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0265-8240    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9930.1984.tb00314.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Rather than being considered merely an illegal act, the drinking‐driving phenomenon can be viewed as a form of social behavior, governed by a set of socially shared rules. This article reports a study which identifies these rules through observation of individuals participating in drinking‐driving behavior in four different settings: a close‐knit neighborhood bar, a neighborhood bar that draws on a larger population, a social club, and “a fairly fashionable watering hole.” The study indicates that the particular social and economic environment of the drinking establishment influences drinking‐driving behavior. The intimacy of the neighborhood bar allows the bartender to exert control over drinking and assist in finding alternatives to driving. As the practical possibilities for contact with the bartender are reduced, the ability for the drinking establishment to control drinking‐driving is lessened. Moreover, the economic reality in all bars—the need to sell drinks—takes precedence over controlling drinking‐ driving. Alternative countermeasures which take into account these social rules of drinking‐driving are suggested as preferabl

ISSN:0265-8240    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9930.1984.tb00315.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

One of the central issues in the debate concerning no‐fault insurance is the question of whether tort damages can deter accidents. Although a large, scientific literature exists which could cast light on this question, the participants in the debate have made little reference to that literature. In an attempt to rectify this omission, the following paper surveys a large segment of the statistical results, and comments on the implications which those results have for the no‐ fault deb

ISSN:0265-8240    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9930.1984.tb00316.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Data from national files on fatal crashes are analyzed to reveal that young drivers, especially sixteen and seventeen year olds, are more often responsible for fatal crashes than are older drivers. This is particularly the case for young males. Moreover, those killed in crashes for which teenagers are responsible are disproportionately people other than the teenaged drivers. A possible explanation for these facts lies in the “macho” culture of teenaged males. Potential countermeasures include those directed to limiting the driving exposure of teenagers as well as technological devices to moderate the injury‐producing forces in cr

ISSN:0265-8240    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9930.1984.tb00317.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Twelve states in the U.S. have curfew laws, which prohibit young drivers from operating motor vehicles during late evening or early morning hours. The effect of such laws on motor vehicle crashes was studied in four of these states. In each state the laws were found substantially to reduce the crashes of sixteen year olds. Sixteen year old driver crash involvements during curfew hours were reduced by an estimated 69 percent in Pennsylvania, 62 percent in New York, 40 percent in Maryland, and 25 percent in Louisiana. Except in Maryland, the percentage of the sixteen year old population licensed was lower in curfew than comparison states. It is possible that curfew laws reduce early licensure, in which case reductions in crash involvements resulting from curfews are greater than shown above.

ISSN:0265-8240    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9930.1984.tb00318.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The 1966 National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act empowers the federal government to set motor vehicle safety performance standards. By passing the Act, Congress intended to lower the motor vehicle crash and death rates.Sam Peltzman has since challenged the assumption that safer cars lead to fewer crash‐related deaths. His theory is that safer cars instill a feeling of protection in motorists that encourages them to drive more recklessly than in unsafe cars. Peltzman has devised a regression equation that predicts what the motor vehicle death rate would be without auto safety regulation. According to it, the total motor vehicle death rate without regulation is not much different from what we have experienced with regulation. Thus Peltzman concludes the auto safety regulation was ineffective.But Peltzman's equation should not be looked upon as absolute. Other predictive equations of statistical quality equal to Peltzman's model contradict its findings. A series of regressions constructed solely on the basis of maximizing statistical quality with no underlying theory consistently predicts a higher motor vehicle death rate without auto safety regulation than with it. Thus Peltzman's theory lacks the statistical foundation he claims for i

ISSN:0265-8240    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9930.1984.tb00319.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY