ISSN:0021-9916    

DOI:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1973.tb00927.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe centralargument of this paper is that the process of explanation as defined by the covering law model of science contains stringent criteria which often cannot be met by communication scientists and that an alternative model for explanation, less powerful but more obtainable‐the systems paradigm‐ought to be adopted. Four types of explanation are reviewed to provide a context for a discussion of the systems paradigm alternative: Scientific explanations, What‐explanations, Mental concept explanations, and Reason‐giving explanations.The covering law and system paradigms are compared and five criteria are established for distinguishing the two explanatory genres. Three major advantages in using the system paradigm are discussed. These include a shift in the particular sets of variables which are selected for study, an increase in the complexity of analysis which may be employed, and the ability to integrate current research into a wider perspective.The article concludes with a suggestive example of one application of theory construction utilizing the system paradigm. Propositions in small group communication are combined into a system of equations the solution of which shows the dependence of each variable on all of the other variables in the

ISSN:0021-9916    

DOI:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1973.tb00928.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe natureof silence is discussed as an imposition of mind, as an interdependent signification ground for speech signs, as a relationship to mental time (as opposed to artificial time), and as it relates to sensation, perception and metaphorical movement. Three major forms of silence are defined: Psycholinguistic Silence, of which there are two subtypes, designated Fast‐time silence and Slow‐time silence; Interactive Silence; and Sociocultural Silence. The three major forms are then briefly described as they relate to some important human communication functions. In the absence of empirical evidence, a number of hypotheses are offe

ISSN:0021-9916    

DOI:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1973.tb00929.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractHistoricallythe communications industry has been dominated by technology. Concepts such as efficiency, size, and fidelity have been the controlling factors affecting product and system design. Now, however, a wide variety of devices and systems can be provided to the consumer of communication services, assuming limited development of the relevant technologies. This requires that choices be made about what is worthwhile pursuing. Since these decisions will shape communication systems for years to come, inputs to the choice process ought to reflect considerations other than just short‐run economics and technological feasibility. In particular, these choices ought to reflect societal needs. To assist in evaluating the impact of alternative communication systems on society, we propose three dimensions along which “social” values might be measured. These are: 1) ease of access to stored information, 2) scope of the interaction space common to the communicants, 3) the extent to which provisions exist to take feedback into consideration. The meaning and measurement of each dimension is explored, and a suggestion is made on how they might be applied. An example of a proposed communication system is presented that would appear to have high values along each of the three dimen

ISSN:0021-9916    

DOI:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1973.tb00930.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA comparison of ratingsof five intensional and of five extensional concepts by both separate and combined batteries of fifteen intensional and fifteen extensional semantic differential scales showed significant patterns of differences. The results indicate that the troublesome scale/concept interaction which in past studies has lowered the internal validity of many investigations can be reduced by the simple expedient of controlling for homogeneity of domain of scales and concepts employed. Some evidence also was found indicating the existence of a group of scales which apply equally well to both types of concepts.

ISSN:0021-9916    

DOI:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1973.tb00931.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe relationshipbetween an individual's information and value systems has not been adequately explored for several reasons, including failure to agree on a measure of values and, to some extent, the elements that make up a person's information system. Using the Rokeach Value System and a question designed to measure information source preference, it was hypothesized that (1) interpersonal sources of information will be regarded as more important than impersonal sources in providing information useful in striving toward value‐directed goals; and (2) instrumental and terminal values will tend to be more closely associated with impersonal and interpersonal sources, respectively. Based on 204 personal interviews, results tended to confirm the first hypothesis but were incomplete concerning the second. Indications were that terminal values discriminated more than did instrumental values among all information source preference

ISSN:0021-9916    

DOI:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1973.tb00932.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis is a reportof two studies which reexamine Fishbein's Summation Theory of attitude change with particular focus on the correlation between belief salience and belief strength. To test the possibility that earlier studies may have been concept bound, a partial replication of the Kaplan‐Fishbein [3] study was conducted with the concept, “American Indian.” No statistically significant correlations were obtained. Examination of individual responses led to the second study which tested that possibility that weak beliefs may be salient and strong ones not salient depending upon the media sources of information about the concept. When subjects were asked to recall the media sources of their information, it was found that weakly held salient beliefs were attributed to old fashioned “western adventure” entertainment sources with significantly more frequency than strongly held salient beliefs. Implications for Summation Theory and for attitude change theories are discussed. New lines of research are

ISSN:0021-9916    

DOI:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1973.tb00933.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA paired comparisonparadigm was employed to compare the listening rate preferences of 26 adult subjects for oral reading and impromptu speaking tasks. Recordings of a reading and speech were time‐altered by means of a speech compressor to yield nine rates: 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 275, and 300 wpm. Two master tapes were constructed, one for each of the two tasks investigated. The tapes were presented to each subject for listening rate preference judgments. Results of subjects'evaluations indicate that preferred listening rates are very similar for both oral reading and impromptu speaking tasks. The most preferred rate for both tasks was 175 wpm, and the least preferred rate for both tasks was 100 wpm. Comparison of the present findings with previous research and suggestions for future investigations are provide

ISSN:0021-9916    

DOI:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1973.tb00934.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe relationshipbetween the communicative effectiveness of hospital supervisory personnel and their performance as perceived by subordinate workers was examined through use of questionnaire interview. Communicative effectiveness measures included (1) perceived communication behavior, (2) frequency and amount of communication between supervisors and subordinates, (3) employee knowledge of hospital policies and procedures, (4) perceived employee communication satisfaction and (5) perceived use of formal channels of communication by non‐supervisory workers. Performance ratings included scales on human relations, administrative and technical skills. Hypotheses predicted positive correlations (1) between communication effectiveness and performance, (2) between amount (and frequency) of communication and performance, (3) between employees’ communication satisfaction and supervisor performance, (4) between employee knowledge of hospital policies (and procedures) and supervisor performance ratings, and (5) between amount of use (by employees) of formal channels of communication and supervisor performance ratings. With noted exceptions, the first three hypotheses were supported. Results are discussed in the context of related studies of supervisory communication and performance in hospitals and in indus

ISSN:0021-9916    

DOI:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1973.tb00935.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractHuman communicative behaviorcan be viewed as functioning through three channels: the verbal, (nonverbal) vocal and visual. The present study sought to assess the relative effectiveness of the (nonverbal) vocal and visual channels in influencing observers'judgment of communicative stimuli. Observers were asked to judge various protrayals of feeling state on film, from which certain cue components had been systematically removed. Judgments from visual cues were found to be more accurate as measured against the (audio visual) criterion than were judgments from vocal cues.

ISSN:0021-9916    

DOI:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1973.tb00936.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY