ISSN:0021-9916    

DOI:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1968.tb00048.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAn examinationof the communicative aspects of Dadaism, a revolutionary movement in the arts which began as a series of violent protests against World War I and the attitudes that had brought it on, considering the following aspects: 1), the development of an artistic language, a strange blend of logic and psychologic, with the latter predominating; 2), the introduction of a new approach to fantasy and chance in the arts; 3), the Dadaist protest against “the laws of discursive thought,” the movement toward non‐discursive kinds of meaning, and the attempt to convey the simultaneity of experience in the arts; and 4), the discovery of a unique expressiveness in everyday objects. It is concluded that the Dadaist protest against discursive logic paved the way for the development of non‐discursive forms of expression. The Dada revolution extended the range of subject matter in the arts, opened up new modes of perception and new kinds of involvement for audiences, and was generally in the vanguard of the modern artist's attempts to explore realms of feeling and form that had previously been left

ISSN:0021-9916    

DOI:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1968.tb00049.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThough informationregarding personality and emotional variables are communicated through facial cues, linguistic cues, vocal cues, body position cues, and body movement cues, many individuals are aware of only responding to the linguistic content of others' behavior. Since such a wide variety of cues are available to the expressive individual, contradictory messages will be communicated by most individuals from time to time. The present study investigated the response of judges to incongruent cues.Judges were presented a 46 item test in which they were to rate the affect communicated through an individual's concurrent facial expression and linguistic message. On 32 of these items the face and the words communicated markedly different levels of pleasantness. Groups of 42 and 35 undergraduate students were tested for their tendency to utilize one or the other kind of cue. Data analysis suggested strikingly high reliability in individual's responsivity to facial or linguistic cues (r =.87, .92).Tests of this kind cannot be used to make statements about the general level of the public's responsivity to one kind of cue or another, since the artificial cues can be manipulated to make one or the other cue more or less striking, and the collector of any artificial cues has no way of knowing to what extent his material is representative of communication in the world at large. The reliability of this test, however, allows future research to divide groups into those more or less responsive to facial or linguistic cues.

ISSN:0021-9916    

DOI:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1968.tb00050.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis articleseeks to isolate several indices of communications in a public bureaucracy (the U.S. Bureau of the Budget) and to relate those indices to performance criteria in a systematic fashion. Two major propositions are tested through an examination of six hypotheses logically related to the propositions. The propositions are (1) high levels of personal activity in an organizational communication net will be associated positively with high levels of involvement in other communication nets, and (2) high levels of personal involvement in communication nets will be associated positively with effective job performance. The propositions are confirmed through an analysis of the data and lead to the conclusion that (1) the indices of communication tend to converge to the point where a single index (external telephone calls received) may be used to predict how an individual will relate to other communication nets both within and between organizations, and that (2) the same indicator may be used to predict the effectiveness of job performance of organizational participants. Data for the study were generated through the circulation of interview protocols in two divisions of the Budget Bureau in the spring of 1964.

ISSN:0021-9916    

DOI:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1968.tb00051.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe purposesof this study were to investigate: (1) the definitions of communication preferred among 150 randomly selected members of the National Society for the Study of Communication; (2) the respondents' “ideal” referent or symbol when naming the dynamics of the interpersonal sending‐receiving process.A questionnaire was sent to the above individuals, asking them to; (1) rank‐order twelve definitions of communication (frommosttoleastpreferred)—this was the denotative phase of the study; (2) rate the concepts “Communication,”“Speech,” and “Persuasion” on three linear‐graphic scales (of the Osgood, Suci, Tannenbaum type). The first scale measured the respondents' evaluative feelings of these three concepts (“Good to Bad” continuum). The second scale measured their feelings on the potency of the three concepts (“Strong to Weak” continuum). The third scale measured their orientation of the three concepts as to the complexity or simplicity of the terms when used to describe the process (“Complex to Simple” continuum)—this was the connotative phase of the study.Results were based on a 41% return (62 of 150); no follow‐ups were made to contact the non‐respondents. (1) Over‐all rankings for thedenotativephase of the study indicated that respondents preferred the communication definitions of: J. Ruesch and G. Bateson, first; W. Weaver, second; L. Thayer, third; S. Stevens, fourth; C. Hovland, fifth; C. Cherry, sixth; P. Tompkins, seventh; W. C. Redding, eighth; W. Schramm, ninth; T. Newcomb, tenth; E. Sapir, eleventh; and G. Miller, twelfth. Analysis of variance indicated the rankings to be significant at the .001 level. (2) The profile of mean scores in theconnotativephase of the study indicated that respondents evaluated the concept “Communication” to be much better than the concepts “Speech” or “Persuasion.” The mean scores of the oriented activity scales indicated that “Communication” was perceived by the subjects to be “extremely complex,” whereas “Speech” and “Persuasion” were both viewed as being only “moderately complex.” Results from both the denotative and connotative phases of this study strongly suggested that there was much disparity among the

ISSN:0021-9916    

DOI:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1968.tb00052.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractListening and readingare the two major modes for the acquisition of knowledge. This study describes differences in selection (filtering), coding, and organizing materials by these two modes as a function of the complexity of the material. Complexity is defined logically, as well as linguistically and cognitively. For the three sets of materials used here, one excerpt was simple lexically, syntactically, and ideologically. The second was complex lexically and syntactically, but was constructed to contain precisely the same ideas and theme as the first. The third excerpt was simple lexically and ideologically, but was complex syntactically.The data were analyzed linguistically in traditional ways and cognitively for ideas, signals, total cognitive units, for omissions, distortions, and for additions of units. In general, listening, like speaking, seems to be freer from the stimulus and more prone to distort the material it conveys. Like speaking, listening seems to be a looser and less inhibited modality. It seems to be a more direct and less complicated process and a modality that is “more in tune” with thought processes as they occur naturally, than does read

ISSN:0021-9916    

DOI:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1968.tb00053.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA few scholars, like Floyd W. Matson inThe Broken Imageand A. H. Maslow inThe Psychology of Science, have discussed the “two cultures” of science and human experience. They point out that many persons tend to talk and act as though human experience (e.g., spontaneity, play, creativity) has nothing whatever to do with science. Or, perhaps it is more accurate to say that science rejects such determinants of human behavior. Similarly, to some persons the idea of being systematic and the idea of being creative seem irreconcilable. Is this always necessary?The method described does not imply that “great” creative products will necessarily result. However, by using Fisher's factorial notion it is possible to generate a large number of fresh communication messages with this technique. Such messages can be audience‐centered, and can be designed for any public medium. A specific example demonstrates how new television program ideas can be created. The ingredients of content and style within the new program ideas are empirically related to recent audience studies, so such programs are expected to maximize the satisfaction for respective segments of the audience. The description of step‐by‐step procedures illustrates how the “systematic” and “creative” orientations can be meaningfully and pr

ISSN:0021-9916    

DOI:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1968.tb00054.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe authorasked 596 undergraduate students to view kinescopes of three “off the air” local newscasts and evaluate each of the newscasters on a fifty‐five item semantic differential instrument. None of the subjects were familiar with either the newscasters or the content of the messages. The three newscasters varied a great deal in their “styles” of news delivery. The resulting 1, 782 instruments were factor analyzed separately and pooled. By inspection, there were no significant differences in factor structure or loadings among the three newscasts. The pooled factor analysis identified the three major dimensions of source credibility as a reliable‐logical or validity of the message factor; a showmanship, dynamism, or entertainment factor; and a trustworthiness dimension. As sub‐factors accounting for a portion of the residue after extracting the first three factors, the author identifies a morality, bodily skill, data evaluation, speed, and extroversion dimension. These sub‐factors are probably unique to the newscasting communic

ISSN:0021-9916    

DOI:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1968.tb00055.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe article surveysthe kinds of activities in which the active union member is most frequently involved: (1) organizing, (2) bargaining, (3) administering and policing the agreement, (4) participating in union meetings, and (5) representing the union before other groups. Each activity imposes certain demands and limitations on the active unionist's communicative efforts.Following this sequence, the article then surveys the audiences with whom the unionist communicates and the most usual message or messages involved in each activity. The survey suggests that the audiences are different but identifiable, and that the usual messages are probably inadequate and/or inappropriate for their purposes.The article is primarily descriptive rather than prescriptive, but concludes that:1 the content problems, and the kinds of activities and audiences in and with which the active unionist functions warrant further analysis and study.2 given the variety and informal character of most communication activities, training for the active unionist should stress such skills as organization of ideas, conversation, sensitivity and adaptation to the needs and wants of listeners, semantics, and listen

ISSN:0021-9916    

DOI:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1968.tb00056.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA modern rhetorichas developed concerning itself with considerably more dimensions of speech than was the case with traditional rhetoric's concentration on persuasion and public address. Indeed, this modern rhetoric has expanded its domain to include the whole range of types of oral communication. But while this very basic kind of evolution has been taking place, it appears that a corresponding ethic (an interpersonal one) has not emerged. The authors make bold to try to stimulate that study.The interpersonal ethic proposed in the article can be stated as follows: A's communication is ethical to the extent that it accepts B's responses; it is unethical to the extent to which it develops hostility toward B's responses, or in some way tries to subjugate B. The ethic can be observed best, the authors believe, when A discovers that B rejects the message A is sending.Such an ethic springs from the following assumptions: (1) By virtue of the very nature of the communicative act, the two parties to a communication exercise control over each other. Both the listener and the speaker are, in part, at the other's mercy. (2) One of the highest values in a democratic culture is that conditions be created and maintained in which the potential of the individual is best realized. (3) The individual will be able to realize his potential to the extent that psychological freedom can be increased for him.An interpersonal ethic, the article suggests, may have more to do with the attitude of the speaker and listener toward each other than with elements of the message (as in the more traditional rhetoric). It may concern itself more with loyalty to the person with whom one is in communication than to rationality or cosmic truth.

ISSN:0021-9916    

DOI:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1968.tb00057.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY