摘要:

AbstractAutoradiographs of the subcommissural organ (SCO) and the Reissner's fibre (RF) as well as other areas of the brain of lampreys (Lampetra planeri Bloch, Lampetra fluviatilis L.), frogs (Rana esculenta L.), mouses (laboratory strain) and rats (Wistar) were prepared after injection of35S‐amino acids.1The SCO‐RF‐system is an area of the brain with a relative high sulphur content. The maximum of the35S‐amino acid incorporation in the SCO is in lower vertebrates not reached before one or more days after the injection of the labeled amino acid. In the investigated species the apical parts of the SCO‐cells contain more labeled material than the basal parts of the cells. Labeled secretion of the SCO was found in the cerebrospinal fluid some hours after the injection of labeled amino acids. Conclusions are drawn about the working of the gland cells.2The rates of growth and passage times of the RF, the rate of secretion of the SCO and the relative secretion of the organ are defined as parameters of the SCO‐RF‐system. The average daily rate of growth of the RF is a few millimeters for the species investigated. The labeled material of the RF may pass the third and fourth ventricles and the central canal of the spinal cord approximately within 10 (mouses) to 115 (river lampreys) days. The quantity of the secretion released by the SCO (rate of secretion) into the third ventricle is between 1.0 × 10‐5mg wet weight daily (Lampetra planeri) and 1.9 × 10‐5mg wet weight daily (Rana esculenta) that amounts less than 1% of the total weight of the organ. One cell of the SCO releases approximately 10‐9mg wet weigt per day.3100 g CSF contain about 4–200 mg RF wet weight or 0.07–3.6 mg RF dry weight. This was found from the wet and dry weight of RF and the quantity of CSF also determined for each species. Contrarily we found the concentration of the RF substances in the CSF of the central canal of the spinal cord to be in average 200–1800 mg% wet weight or 4–30 mg% dry weight. During its growth RF releases no labeled substances into the CSF.4Conclusions are discussed concerning the poorly known function of the organ.ZusammenfassungVom Subcommissuralorgan (SCO) und dem Reissnerschen Faden (RF) sowie von anderen Bereichen des ZNS von Bachneunaugen (Lampetra planeri Bloch), Flußneunaugen (Lampetra fluvitilis L.), Wasserfröschen (Rana esculenta L.), Mäusen (Laborstamm) und Ratten (Wistar Stamm) wurden nach35S‐Thioaminosäureapplikationen und histologischer Aufbereitung Autoradiogramme verfertigt.1Das SCO‐RF‐System zählt zu den relativ schwefelreichen Bereichen im Wirbeltiergehirn. Die maximale Inkorporation im SCO wird bei niederen Wirbeltieren erst etwa ein bis mehrere Tage nach der Applikation der markierten Aminosäure erreicht. Bei den untersuchten Arten enthalten die apikalen Zellabschnitte mehr markiertes Material als die basalen. Radioaktives SCO‐Sekret ist im Liquor erst mehrere Stunden nach der Applikation der markierten Aminosäuren nachweisbar. Die Arbeitsweise der Drüsenzellen wird diskutiert.2Wachstumsraten und Passagezeiten des RF, die Sekretionsrate des SCO und die relative Organsekretion werden als Parameter des SCO‐RF‐Systems definiert. Die durchschnittliche tägliche Wachstumsrate des RF der untersuchten Arten liegt im Millimeterbereich. Die markierte Fadensubstanz passiert den Hohlraum in Hirn und Rückenmark in etwa 10 (Mäuse) bis 115 (Flußneunaugen) Tagen. Für die Sekretionsrate des SCO wurden bei den untersuchten Arten durchschnittlich etwa 1,0 × 10‐5mg Frischgewicht/Tag (Bachneunaugen) bis 1,9 × 10‐5mg Frischgewicht/Tag (Frösche) bestimmt, d.h. weniger als 1% des Organeigengewichtes. Die tägliche sekretorische Leistung von Einzelzellen der Drüse beträgt gegen 10‐9mg Frischgewicht.3Aus der jeweils ermittelten Masse des RF (Frischgewicht und Trockengewicht) und den bestimmten Volumina des Ventrikelsystems ergibt sich, daß die Konzentration der RF‐Substanz in 100 g Liquor bei den untersuchten Arten im Durchschnitt etwa 4–200 mg, bezogen auf das RF‐Frischgewicht, bzw. 0,07–3,6 mg, bezogen auf das RF‐Trockengewicht, beträgt. Die Konzentration der RF‐Substanz im Liquor des Canalis centralis beträgt hingegen durchschnittlich etwa 200–1800 mg% Frischgewicht bzw. 4–30 mg% Trockengewicht. Aus dem RF‐Material werden während des Wachstums durch das Hohlraumsystem in Hirn und Rückenmark keine markierten Substanzen abgegeben.4Es wird geprüft, welche Folgerungen sich aus der Dynamik der Organsekretion und

ISSN:0001-7272    

DOI:10.1111/j.1463-6395.1971.tb00547.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract1The morphology of the system subcommissural organ—Reissner's fibre—terminal ampulla is described in the newtPleurodeles waltli. A participation of phagocytes in terminal decomposition of the fibre secretion is supposed.2In order to get information on the still unclarified function of the complex subcommissural organ—Reissner's fibre the subcommissural organ of juvenile, postmetamorphic newts was mechanically removed and the consequences of the operation were studied up to 18 months post operationem. About 4 weeks p.op. the animals developed kyphoses and scolioses of the vertebral column, due to growth anomalies in the area of intercentral cartilages.3Lesions in the area of the habenular commissure including partial epiphysectomy, performed as control operations, were without effect on the axial skeleton. Total epiphysectomy resulted in curvatures of the skeletal axis only if simultaneously as an incidental consequence of the operation the subcommissural organ was unable to form the Reissner's fibre.4In order to block the transport of Reissner's fibre into the central canal Agar or polystyrene latex was filled into the IV. ventricle of the brain, damages of nervous tissue being avoided. The newts developed the same deformations of vertebral column as they did after ectomy of subcommissural organ. If in the further course of the experiment the ventricular spaces allowed the fibre to pass again, the curvatures of the skeletal axis disappeared, provided that the length growth of the animal body was sufficient. Thus the absence of Reissner's fibre in the central canal of spinal cord was the cause of the abnormalities of the vertebral column.5On conditions of experimentally produced absence of Reissner's fibre the newts formed atypical tail tip regenerates with curved axes after tail tip amputations.6A hypothesis is developed according to which the subcommissural organ controls by means of the formation of Reissner's fibre the straight outgrowth of the axial organs: ependymal tube, spinal cord and vertebral column and hence guarantees the normogenetical growth extension of the vertebrate organism. Therefore the function of the subcommissural organ should be understood from an aspect of the developmental physiology.Zusammenfassung1Die Morphologie des Systems Subcommissuralorgan—Reissnerscher Faden—Endampulle beim Rippenmolch (Pleurodeles waltli) wird beschrieben. Es wird eine Beteiligung von Phagozyten am terminalen Abbau des Fadensekrets vermutet.2Um Hinweise auf die noch ungeklärte Funktion des Komplexes Subcommissuralorgan—Reissnerscher Faden zu erhalten, wurde das Subcommissuralorgan bei juvenilen, postmetamorphotischen Rippenmolchen auf mikrurgischem Wege entfernt und die Folgen des Eingriffs bis zu 18 Monaten post operationem studiert. Etwa 4 Wochen p.op. zeigten sich charakteristische Ausfallserscheinungen in Form von Kyphosen und Skoliosen der Wirbelsäule, denen Wachstumsanomalien im Bereich der Intervertebralknorpel zugrunde lagen.3Zu Kontrollzwecken gesetzte Läsionen im Bereich der Commissura habenularum einschließlich partieller Epiphysektomie blieben ohne Wirkung auf das Achsenskelett. Totale Epiphysektomie hatte nur dann Skelettachsenverkrümmungen zur Folge, wenn die Operation gleichzeitig zur Verhinderung der Fadenbildung am Subcommissuralorgan geführt hatte.4Um den Transport des Reissnerschen Fadens in den Zentralkanal zu blockieren, wurde unter Schonung des Nervengewebes Agar oder Polystyrol‐Latex in den IV. Ventrikel eingebracht. Es kam zu gleichen Wirbelsäulendeformationen wie nach Ektomie des Subcommissuralorgans. Wurden die Ventrikelräume im späteren Versuchsverlauf wieder durchgängig, bildeten sich bei entsprechendem Längenwachstum der Versuchstiere die Verbiegungen der Skelettachse zurück. Ursache der Wirbelsäulenanomalien war mithin das Fehlen des Reissnerschen Fadens im Zentralkanal des Rückenmarks.5Bei experimentell herbeigeführter Abwesenheit des Reissnerschen Fadens kam es nach Schwanzspitzenamputationen zur Ausbildung atypischer, achsenverkrümmter Regenerate.6Es wird eine Hypothese entwickelt, gemäß der das Subcommissuralorgan über die Bildung des Reissnerschen Fadens das gestreckte Auswachsen der Axialorgane Ependymrohr, Rückenmark und Wirbelsäule kontrolliert und damit die normogenetische Wachstumsstrekkung des Wirbeltierorganismus garantiert. Die Funktion des Subcommissuralorgans wäre folglich unter entwicklun

ISSN:0001-7272    

DOI:10.1111/j.1463-6395.1971.tb00548.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

RésuméL'étude histologique de diverses glandes endocrines et du rein est réalisée chez l'Anguille après autotransplantation de l'hypophyse dans la musculature dorsale et après hypophysectomie.La glande thyroïde est fortement hypoactive dans 25 pour cent des Anguilles greffées comme chez celles hypophysectomisées; elle est d'aspect subnormal ou normal chez les autres animaux où les cellules thyréotropes sont présentes dans le greffon. Malgré une variabilité plus grande que chez les témoins, dans aucun cas on ne peut parler d'une hyperactivité similaire à celle observée chezPoecilia. Comme le nombre des cellules thyréotropes est toujours réduit dans le transplant, il semblerait qu'une sécrétion basale de cette hormone suffise à maintenir une activité thyroïdienne notable. La fonction thyréotrope serait donc plus indépendante du contrôle hypothalamique que chez les Mammifères, sans que la notion de TIF (facteur inhibiteur) paraisse valable chez l'Anguille.L'interrénal est aussi très atrophié après hypophysectomie. Au contraire, après autogreffe, il conserve une structure proche de celle des témoins dans tous les cas, bien que moins homogène, malgré la réduction du nombre des cellules corticotropes dans le greffon. La vacuolisation cytoplasmique parfois notable pourrait indiquer un léger ralentissement de l'activité fonctionnelle de l'interrénal. Le contrôle hypothalamique ne semble donc pas s'exercer étroitement sur l'axe hypophyso‐surrénalien de l'Anguille.Les organes de Syrski restent très peu différenciés, en accord avec la régression des cellules gonadotropes dans le greffon, montrant la nécessité d'une stimulation d'origine hypothalamique pour le maintien de la fonction gonadotrope.Les corpuscules de Stannius sont similaires pour les 3 groupes d'Anguilles, l'hypophysectomie n'ayant pas d'effet net chez le mâle après 2 mois.L'atrophie rénale consécutive à l'hypophysectomie est fortement atténuée chez les Anguilles autogreffées, donnée qui suggère l'idée d'une sécrétion de prolactine par le transplant hypophysaire dont les cellules à prolactine apparaissent stimulées.En général, l'hypophyse déconnectée de l'Anguille conserve une autonomie fonctionnelle beaucoup plus marquée que chez les Vertébrés supérieurs, sauf pour la sécrétion gonadotrope.AbstractHistological structure of some endocrine glands in the eel after auto‐transplantation of the pituitary gland.The histological picture of various endocrines and of the kidney is described in control and hypophysectomized eels (Anguilla anguillaL.) and after autotransplantation of the pituitary in the dorsal muscle.The thyroid gland is greatly hypoactive in 3 grafted eels as well as in the hypophysectomized ones. It keeps a normal or subnormal picture in the other animals where thyrotrophic cells are still present in the graft. Although a higher variability is detected compared with control animals, in no case one can speak of a hyperactivity similar to that occuring inPoecilia. As the number of the thyrotrophic cells is always reduced in the transplant, it would seem that a basal secretion of this hormone would be sufficient to maintain some thyroidal activity. The thyrotropic function would appear more independent of a hypothalamic control than in mammals, however the concept of a TIF (inhibiting factor) does not seem to apply to the eel.Also, the interrenal is greatly atrophic after hypophysectomy. On the countrary, after autotransplantation, it keeps a structure less homogeneous, but closely similar to that of control eels in all cases, in spite of a reduction of the corticotrophic cell number in the graft. The cytoplasmic vacuolization which sometimes may occur in the interrenal cells might indicate a slowing down of the functional activity. In the eel, the hypophyso‐interrenal axis does not seem to be strictly dependent of a hypothalamic control.The organs of Syrski (male gonads) remain poorly differentiated in agreement with the regression of the gonadotrophic cells in the graft, indicating the necessity of a hypothalamic stimulation for the maintenance of the gonadotrophic function.The corpuscles of Stannius are similar in the 3 groups, and within 2 months, they are not yet affected by hypophysectomy.In grafted eels, the histological picture of the kidney is intermediary between that of intact and hypophysectomized animals. As ovine prolactin partly prevents the renal atrophy induced after hypophysectomy, and as prolactin cells appear very active in all the transplants despite their reduced number, some prolactin secretion probably occurs.In summary, the disconnected pituitary of the eel keeps a functional autonomy much more important than in higher vertebrates, the gonadotrophic f

ISSN:0001-7272    

DOI:10.1111/j.1463-6395.1971.tb00549.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe visceral arches are usually assumed to develop in a similar way, from front to rear, with corresponding parts. The mandibular and hyoid arches do not follow such a pattern, rather some of the blastematic tissue of these arches became involved in the formation of the neurocranium as the trabecula and lateral commissure respectively. Thus this tissue was never developed as arch elements. Further, skeletal blastemas in the head are derived from delamination as well neural crest. The implications of these observations are explored.

ISSN:0001-7272    

DOI:10.1111/j.1463-6395.1971.tb00550.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe normal blood glucose level ofChanna punctatusundergoes a seasonal change. A post‐spawning hyperglycemia is found during August, September, October and November. Fish kept out of water show increase in blood glucose level upto 24 hours. When returned to water, the asphyxial hyperglycemia subsides after 24 hours. Starvation does not appear to affect the blood glucose in this fis

ISSN:0001-7272    

DOI:10.1111/j.1463-6395.1971.tb00551.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSaccus dorsalisinLeuciscus rutilusis a very folded area enclosing the epiphysis within its foldings. The dorsal sac consists of a single layer of cuboidal ependymal cells which have cilia and very irregularly shaped microvilli. The presence of vesicles in longitudinal rows indicate that these microvilli are very active. Bulbous outpocketenings from the apical surface contain glycogen. These bulgings may be pinched off into the lumen of the third ventricle forming rounded drops which contain richly glycogen. To increase the surface there are protrusions covered with microvilli. In the cytoplasm between the basis of those microvilli there are several coated vesicles which possibly sign micropinocytotic activity. Coated vesicles are also to be found in the lateral and basal parts of the cell, where they often have taken contact with the cell membrane. The ependymal cells rest upon a broad glycocalyx. In the subependymal connective tissue are wide capillaries with thinwalled fenestrated endothelial cells. The functional significance of these structures is discussed. A PAS‐reaction has been done. The ependymal cells and rounded drops in the ventricular lumen showed a positive reaction.ZusammenfassungDerSaccus dorsalisist bei denLeuciscus rutilusein stark gefaltetes Gebiet. Er umschliesst mit seinen Falten die Epiphyse, so dass diese im Dorsalsack versenkt liegt. Die Zellen bestehen aus einem einschichtigen kubischen Ependym. Diese sind mit Zilien und unregelmässigen Mikrovilli versehen, welche dadurch, dass sie Bläschen in langen Reihen enthalten, grosse Aktivität zeigen. Ausbuchtungen der apikalen Zellenoberfläche sind mit Glykogenkörnchen gefüllt. Diese Ausbuchtungen werden wahrscheinlich abgeschnürt und bilden dann runde, mit Glykogen gefüllte Tropfen im Ventrikellumen. Zellauswüchse, mit Mikrovilli bekleidet, vergrössern die Oberfläche. Akanthosome (coated vesicles), welche möglicherweise mikropinocytotisch aktiv sind, kommen reichlich zwischen den Basen der Mikrovillis vor, aber auch in den lateralen und basalen Teilen der Zelle, wo sie sich in Kontakt mit der Zellwand befinden. Die Zellen stehen auf einem breiten Glykokalyx. Im subependymalen Bindegewebe laufen Kapillare, deren Endothelzellen gewöhnlich mit Poren versehen sind. Die Funktionelle Bedeutung wird diskutiert. Eine PJS‐Reaktion wurde ausgeführt, bei welcher die Ependymzellen sowie runde Tropfen im Ventrikellumen p

ISSN:0001-7272    

DOI:10.1111/j.1463-6395.1971.tb00552.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract1InOncopeltus fasciatus, the A‐cells of the pars intercerebralis and their tracts are stainablein situwith the performic acid‐victoria blue (PAVB) method. The axons from these cells, after traversing the corpus cardiacum, terminate in the anterior part of the aorta which thus serves as the neurohemal organ.2Ultrastructurally, four types of secretory neurons are distinguishable in the pars intercerebralis region: pic‐I with granules measuring 1000–3000 Å in diameter; pic‐II with granules of irregular size and shape, the elongate ones showing mean dimensions of 2400 × 1400 Å; pic‐III with less electron‐dense granules measuring 1000–2700 Å in diameter; pic‐IV, present not only in the pars intercerebralis but also in adjacent regions of the brain, with variable proportions of granules measuring 700–1800 A and dense‐cored vesicles measuring 1000–2400 Å.3The nervi corporis cardiaci contain at least three types of neurosecretory axons, based on granule content, presumably representing pic‐I, pic‐II and pic‐III neurons.4The wall of the aorta contains endings of at least three distinct types, again representing pic‐I, pic‐II and pic‐III neurons, and thus provides the neurohemal site for these three types of protocerebral neurosecretory cells. Axons of pic‐IV neurons appear to enter the cerebral neuropil.5The corpus cardiacum is composed of two types of parenchymal secretory cells, with electron‐dense granules measuring 1300–3000 Å and 1000–2300 Å in diameter, respectively. The corpus cardiacum also contains interstitial cells and some axons of extrinsic origin, with and without granules.6The corpus allatum may be paired or median, and receives a small number of at least two types of axons. The corpora allata of some reproducing females show a large number of PAVB‐stainable inclusions which appear to be modified cytoplasmic organelles, but are definitely not neurosecretory material.7The hypocerebral ganglion is composed of two types of secretory‐appearing neurons and glial cells. The two neuronal types contain secretory granules, 1000–3000 Å and 900–2100 Å in diameter, respectively. Axons of the recurrent nerve also may contain occasional granules.8In this heteropteran insect, the two principal functions of the corpus cardiacum appear to be spatially separated: the neurohemal function is subserved by the aortic wall, which permits release of material into both the aortic lumen and the hemocoel, and the intrin

ISSN:0001-7272    

DOI:10.1111/j.1463-6395.1971.tb00553.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe prolactin containing cells in the Atlantic eel and the Atlantic salmon have been localized by fluorescein‐labelled antibodies to ovine prolactin. Two fluorescence‐methods have been used: the direct and the indirect. Erythrosinophilic cells in the follicles of the rostral pars distalis were stained by the fluorescent antibodies in both eel and salmon. Eels from brackish water were transferred to fresh or salt water and differences in the contents of prolactin in the hypophyses were tested. Attempts were made at a semi‐quantitative estimation of prolactin, using a fluorescent antibody technique. Eels, which had been kept for three days in fresh water contained a smaller quantity of prolactin in their hypophyses, than the eels which were kept in salt

ISSN:0001-7272    

DOI:10.1111/j.1463-6395.1971.tb00554.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAn account of a light and electron microscope study of the setae ofDisoma multisetosum, Pectinaria belgica(Polychaeta sedentaria) andEchiurus echiurus(Echiuroidea) is given. The results are compared with those of previous researchers, and the possibility of using the ultrastructure of the “annelid seta” as a phylogenetic‐systematic instrument is preliminarily disc

ISSN:0001-7272    

DOI:10.1111/j.1463-6395.1971.tb00555.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY