摘要:

Studies of soil and soil water (50 cm) properties were performed six years after the final fertilization in an old field experiment. During a 20‐year period plots had been fertilized three times with different doses of ammonium nitrate. The highest dose was 600 kg N ha‐1, meaning that 1800 kg N ha‐1was given during the period. A substantial accumulation of organic matter had occurred in the forest floor as a result of the fertilization. At the dose giving the maximal response the humus layer had almost doubled its content of carbon and nitrogen, when comparing with the control. The pH was unaffected by the dose in the humus layer and in the eluvial layer. In the upper part of the spodic horizon the pH had decreased 0.2–0.3 units at intermediate doses. The amounts of exchangeable base cations were not changed as a result of the fertilization. The pH of the soil water was similar over all doses. The concentration of nitrate‐N was below the detection limit for all doses except for the highest.

ISSN:0282-7581    

DOI:10.1080/02827589009382588

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1990

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Containerized one‐year Scots pine single‐tree families from open‐pollinated seeds collected in (i) a natural mature stand in Korpilombolo (lat. 66°53'N and (ii) a 35‐year‐old field trial at Nordanås (lat. 64°18'N) were freeze‐tested at ‐10°C to study the variation between families with respect to early cold‐hardening in the autumn. There was a significant variation in cold‐hardening between single‐tree families from the Korpilombolo stand. There was also a significant variation in cold‐hardening between progenies of trees within families in the Nordanås field trial. The cold‐hardening of a progeny was positively correlated with the level of needle attachment to the current year lateral shoots of the mother tree in early August. Observation of needle attachment in late summer was suggested as a method of screening for early cold‐hardening in breeding Scots pine for northern localities.

ISSN:0282-7581    

DOI:10.1080/02827589009382589

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1990

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Elements which were included in the study, were as follows: N, K, Ca, Mg, P, S, B, Zn, Cu, Pb. The element concentrations of the large Scots pine roots (Ø>10 mm) increased systematically with distance from the stump both in the bark and the wood. The concentrations of Ca, Mg, Zn and B in pine fine (Ø< 1 mm) and small (0= 1–10 mm) roots (bark plus wood) lay between the values for wood and bark in the outer part of pine large roots. Sulphur and P levels were about the same as in the bark, while N, Pb and Cu were above. Levels of S and Zn were markedly higher in the field vegetation roots than in the pine roots. The concentrations of K, Ca and B decreased with depth both in the field vegetation, and the pine roots, while S and Zn increased with depth in the field vegetation roots. Compared with the ratios for biomass, relative contents of all elements, except S and Pb, were lower in the roots than in the above‐ground parts. The nutrient balance in the roots indicates a low supply of K, P, B, and “luxury”; uptake of S, Zn, Cu. The circulation of Pb seemed to be restricted, with some accumulation in the roots.

ISSN:0282-7581    

DOI:10.1080/02827589009382590

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1990

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Scleroderris canker damage in 1983 and Scleroderris canker/frost damage in 1985 were investigated in fertilizedPinus sylvestrisandPinus contortastands on an ombrotrophic mire in central Finland. Severe Scleroderris canker damage in 1983 was clearly associated with fertilization, especially NPK, both in Scots pine and lodgepole pine stands. The effect of fertilization on Scleroderris canker/frost damage in 1985 was not as clear as in 1983. Lodgepole pine was more susceptible to damage compared to Scots pine. Predisposition to Scleroderris canker and frost damage seemed to be associated with increased growth. Predisposition could not be interpreted by means of needle nutrient concentrations although boron concentrations were lower on fertilized plots compared to control plots.

ISSN:0282-7581    

DOI:10.1080/02827589009382591

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1990

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Tests were made of the response ofPinus sylvestrisL. andPicea abies(L.) Karst, seedlings of different origin to a range of concentrations of soluble inorganic aluminium during a 12‐week period of cultivation in quartz sand under field conditions. Al and nutrients were supplied via the irrigation water (pH 3.6–3.7). The Al concentrations were 0, 0.37, 0.74, 1.85, 2.78 and 3.70 mM. The growth of Scots pine seedlings was inhibited when the aluminium concentration of the irrigation water was 2.78 mM or higher. The corresponding aluminium concentration for the Norway spruce seedlings was 1.85 mM or more. The results are discussed with reference to the soluble aluminium concentrations normally encountered in boreal forest soils.

ISSN:0282-7581    

DOI:10.1080/02827589009382592

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1990

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The stilbene glucosides astringin and isorhapontin were found inPiceaspecies, but not in other coniferous genera studied. Barks ofP. abies, P. engelmannii, P. mariana, P. omorika, P. orientalisandP. sitchensiswere estimated to contain from about 0.5 up to 3–6% of these compounds on a dry matter basis, and needles ofP. abies, P. engelmanniiandP. marianafrom about 0.2 up to 1–2%. Needlesof P. omorika, P. orientalisandP. sitchensishad only traces of stilbene glucosides andP. pungenscontained almost none both in bark and needles. The stilbene glucoside content inP. abiesincreased in new bark and needles during summer and autumn, while the content in one‐year‐old bark and needles was higher and more constant throughout the season. The stilbene glucosides were mainly localized in the inner bark and in the center of the needles. The significance of stilbene glucosides as antifungal, allelopathic and growth reducing substances is discussed.

ISSN:0282-7581    

DOI:10.1080/02827589009382593

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1990

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The main purpose of these studies was to investigate the adaptation of young seedlings of various seed lots ofPicea abies(L.) Karst.,P. glauca(Moench) Voss,P. x lutziiLittle andP. sitchensis(Bong.) Carr. to northern climatic conditions. Effects of temperature and photoperiod on elongation growth and growth cessation were studied under controlled conditions in a phytotron. In addition, growth and survival of the seedlings outdoors at 69°39’ N lat. were followed for two years. Seed lots of /’.abiesoriginated from northern Norway (66° N lat.), those of the other species were from Alaska (between 57°.and 66° N lat.). The critical photoperiod for budset was 19–20 h for seed lots ofP. abies.In general, the critical photoperiod for budset increased with increasing latitude of the seed source, but the results indicated a significantly shorter cirtical photoperiod for seed lots from about 60° N lat., <120 m a.s.l. ofP. sitchensis(between 12 and 16 h) than for comparable seed lots ofPxlutzii(17–18 h) orP. glauca(18 h). The time course of budset under natural light conditions, both in the phytotron and outdoors, generally followed the pattern predicted from the critical photoperiod. However, inP. glaucathe budset occurred earlier than inP. abiesalthough the latter had a longer critical photoperiod. Due to the short critical photoperiod and consequently delayed growth cessation and hardening, all seed lots ofP. sitchensis(from 58° to 60° N lat.) were severely damaged during winter. Some damage was also observed inP.xlutziiand inP. abies.The optimum temperature for elongation growth was higher forP. sitchensisthan for the other species. In the phytotron experiments, seedlings ofP. sitchensisgrew best at temperatures between 12 and 21°C, but at 9°C the best growth was obtained in some seed lots ofP. abies.After two growth seasons outdoors, all seed lots ofP. abieswere taller than any seed lot of the other species. AlsoP. glaucaseed lots and one seed lot ofP.xlutziishowed good growth, and their growth rhythm seemed to be well adapted to the northern conditions.

ISSN:0282-7581    

DOI:10.1080/02827589009382594

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1990

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The distribution of tree biomass was investigated in 3 even‐aged Norway spruce(Picea abiesL. Karst.) stands aged 57, 78 and 106 years in midwestern Bohemia. The results of sample tree analyses were usedtoderive prediction equations for tree biomass components using the allometric modelY=A1 x XA2, whereYis mass, andXis the measure of tree size (diameter at breast height, height, crown length) or stem sapwood area at breast height. The distribution of needle mass according to age, and the relationship between dry matter of foliage and annual current stem wood volume increment were investigated. The total amounts of stand biomass components were calculated using the diameter and height distribution, and tree biomass prediction equations. The results were compared with data of several authors.

ISSN:0282-7581    

DOI:10.1080/02827589009382595

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1990

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Mating system and genetic variability were studied in a southern and a northern population ofPicea abies, in Czechoslovakia and Finland. Both populations had considerable genetic variability, with expected heterozygosities of 0.17 and 0.23, respectively, at nine loci. The two distant populations were more differentiated (Gst=0.12) than has been found in studies on ScandinavianPicea abies.Both populations had a considerable degree of partial selfing, with estimates of outcrossing of 0.83 and 0.74 in the populations from Czechoslovakia and Finland, respectively.

ISSN:0282-7581    

DOI:10.1080/02827589009382596

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1990

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The presence of humus was evaluated as a factor affecting the establishment and development of mycorrhiza in Scots pine(Pinus sylvestrisL.) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contortassp.latifoliaEngelm.) during the first growing season after outplanting on two clear‐cut sites. Humus proved to be of minor importance for the formation of mycorrhizae. Instead, the colonisation showed a patchy pattern, indicating spatial variation in the amounts of active inoculum. This variation may reflect differences in soil microhabitat and perhaps the mycorrhizal distribution in the logged stands. Total mycorrhizal short‐root frequency increased from 10% at outplanting in June to 40–65% in October. The nursery mycorrhiza accounted for 80–95% of the total mycorrhiza at the end of the investigation. However, by this time 60–90% of the seedlings had, to some extent, indigenous mycorrhiza with fungi from the clear‐cut sites.Piloderma croceumtended to be formed at a higher rate in the presence of humus than in its absence while another mycorrhizal type increased faster in the mineral soil.

ISSN:0282-7581    

DOI:10.1080/02827589009382597

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1990

数据来源: Taylor