摘要:

Key‐pressing responses in the cat were maintained under conditions in which brief electric shock was first postponed by responses (avoidance), then periodically presented independently of responses, and finally produced by responses on a fixed‐interval schedule of 15 min (FI 15‐min). A steady rate of responding occurred under shock avoidance and under response‐independent shock; positively accelerated responding was engendered by the FI 15‐min schedule. A second experiment studied responding under second‐order schedules composed of three FI 5‐min components. Responding was suppressed when a stimulus was presented briefly at completion of each FI 5‐min component and a shock followed the brief stimulus at completion of the third component. Responding was maintained when each of the first two components was completed either with or without presentation of a brief stimulus and a shock alone was presented at completion of the third FI

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1969.12-1

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Pigeons were exposed to two equal, concurrent variable‐interval schedules of reinforcement on two response keys. One key was continuously illuminated. Pecking on that key produced reinforcements of constant duration. The other key was normally dark, except that availability of reinforcement was signalled by illuminating the key. The duration of access to a grain reinforcer was varied on the key that signalled reinforcement. Rate of response on the first key, the one that did not signal reinforcement, was found to vary inversely with duration of signalled reinforcement on the other key. The latency between the signal and the peck that produced signalled reinforcement remained about constant. These results show that responding on one key in concurrent variable‐interval schedules depends on the reinforcement delivered by both schedules and is independent of responding on the other

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1969.12-11

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In most studies of operant reinforcement a response‐feedback stimulus is used which is so brief that the nature of the responding during it is virtually undetectable. The present study investigated the nature of this responding by lengthening an initially brief feedback stimulus. The key‐pecking responses of pigeons were maintained by a variable‐interval schedule of food reinforcement. Each response produced a brief stimulus light in addition to the usual auditory response feedback. When the duration of the feedback stimulus light was gradually increased, it was found to control a nearly zero rate of responding. The result was a paced, metronomic‐like performance in which the pigeon made a single response, paused until the stimulus terminated, and then responded again. As a result, the overall response rate was greatly reduced; the mean interresponse time approximated the stimulus duration. A plausible interpretation is that brief feedback stimuli acquire control over responding because they coincide with few responses and few reinforcers. These findings show that in addition to their known functions as conditioned‐reinforcing stimuli and discriminative stimuli, response‐feedback stimuli also exert direct stimulus control: responding is reduced during the feedback stim

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1969.12-17

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Pigeons emitted interresponse times that were reinforced if they fell between an upper and a lower bound (t

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1969.12-27

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1969.12-39

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

When the lever‐pressing behavior of five rats was maintained by a DRL schedule (reinforcement was scheduled only when a specified waiting time between successive responses was exceeded), collateral behavior developed that apparently served a mediating function. In two cases this behavior did not arise until the experimental environment included pieces of wood that the rats started to nibble. When collateral behavior first appeared, it was always accompanied by an increase in responses spaced far enough apart to earn reinforcement. If collateral behavior was prevented, the number of reinforced responses always decreased. Extinction of lever pressing extinguished the collateral behavior. Adding a limited‐hold contingency to the schedule did not extinguish collateral behavior. It appears that the rat can better space its responses appropriately when concurrently performing some overt collateral activity. The amount of this activity apparently comes to serve as a discriminative stimulus. To assume the existence of internal events that serve as discriminative stimuli in temporal discriminations is, at least under some circumstances, unnecess

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1969.12-43

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The present experiments demonstrated a reliable within‐session increase in rectal temperature (Tre) at 25° C during stable differential‐reinforcement‐of‐low‐rate (DRL) performance. The thermal response was found to be independent of the DRL value and reinforced DRL performance, but dependent on the state of the animal's deprivation. Exposure to a 35°‐C environment increased the post‐session Tresignificantly above the 25°‐C post‐session Trefor seven of eight subjects. Response and reinforcement rate at 35° C was found to be independent of DRL value, although it decreased as DRL value increased at 25° C. A discriminative stimulus used to mark the end of the interval increased the reinforcement rate at 25° C but provided no advantage at 35° C. Measurement of the pattern of responding during DRL performance revealed increases in the proportion of long interresponse times at 35° C. Reinforcement rate was found to decrease progressively at 35° C, reaching a minimum within 40 to 50 min of the 90‐min session. Visual observation of overt behaviors during DRL performance at 35° C revealed a reduction in the frequency of overt behavior, characteristic of 25°‐C performance, and a time‐dependent increase in the probability

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1969.12-59

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The effect of several reinforcement schedules on the variability in topography of a pigeon's key‐peck response was determined. The measure of topography was the location of a key peck within a 10‐in. wide by 0.75‐in. high response key. Food reinforcement was presented from a magazine located below the center of the response key. Variability in response locus decreased to a low value during training in which each response produced reinforcement. Variability increased when fixed intervals, variable intervals, random intervals, or extinction were sche

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1969.12-73

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In the presence of one click frequency, the presses of two hungry rats on one of two levers were reinforced with food on variable‐interval schedules; in the presence of a different click frequency, presses on the other lever were reinforced. In stimulus generalization tests, a variety of click frequencies were presented and reinforcement withheld. The test stimuli were found to exert control over which of the two levers the rats pressed, but not over the rate of pressing the selected lever. The results were interpreted as further evidence that intermediate rates in generalization gradients may be the result of the alternation of several distinct behavior pattern

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1969.12-81

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1969.12-88

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY