摘要:

Throughout ascending and descending fixed‐ratio (FR) sequences, rats were allowed to terminate the FR stimulus control by pressing a time‐out (TO) lever. To minimize chance or accidental responses on this second lever, three presses were required to produce the 30‐sec SΔperiod. As FR performance became more “strained,” there was an increased predisposition to escape from the time‐in stimulus complex. The generality of this finding was extended by obtaining recoverability (independent of the direction of stimulus change) of the FR‐TO function in the descending series. Typically, escapes were produced only during the post‐reinforcement pause; however, under a mixed FR FR schedule, their occurrence shifted to a point within the inter‐reinforcement interval corresponding to the unreinforced completion of the lower ratio component. It appears that the point where the rat can discriminate the size of the ratio requirement will be the place where TOs are imposed. This inference was supported by a substantial increase in TO frequency accompanying a shift from CRF to extinction on the FR lever. Finally, the escape lever was placed on a progressively increasing FR schedule and later extinguished to demonstrate that the TO condition was i

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1964.7-1

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1964

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Shock‐induced fighting between paired rats was a direct function of the duration of the shock stimulus. Continued presentations of the shock partially reversed this direct relationshi

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1964.7-9

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1964

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1964.7-12

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1964

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Pigeons produced food on a fixed‐ratio schedule by pecking at one key, and an SΔperiod by pecking at a second (switching) key. Switching behavior was examined as a function of (a) size of the fixed ratio, (b) whether the SΔwas of fixed duration or could be determined by the bird, (c) the introduction of a novel food SD, (d) extinction of food responding, and (e) the stimuli associated with the SDand SΔconditions. No monotonic relationship was obtained between ratio size and switching behavior. Switching behavior was, however, influenced by many variables. The results suggest that an interpretation of switching behavior in terms of its being reinforced by the removal of aversive conditions, is open to considerable ques

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1964.7-13

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1964

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1964.7-20

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1964

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Three pigeons were trained to respond to seven spectral stimulus values ranging from 490 to 610 mμ and displayed in random order on a response key. After response rates had equalized to these values, a brief electric shock was administered when the subject (S) responded to the central value (550 mμ) while positive reinforcement for all values was maintained. Initially, there was broad generalization of the resulting depression in response rate, but the gradients grew steeper in the course of testing. When punishment was discontinued, the rates to all values recovered, and equal responding to all stimuli was reattained by two of theSs. Stimulus control over the effects of punishment was clearly demonstrated in the form of a generalization gradient; this probably resulted from the combined effects of generalization of the depression associated with punishment and discrimination between the punished value and neutral stimul

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1964.7-21

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1964

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1964.7-26

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1964

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Four pigeons were trained to peck at either of two response‐keys. Pecking at either key occasionally produced a secondary reinforcer. Then, in the presence of the secondary reinforcer, further pecking occasionally produced the primary reinforcer, food. The relative rate at which each pigeon pecked to obtain a secondary reinforcer equalled the relative rate of primary reinforcement in its presenc

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1964.7-27

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1964

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

After the performances of two pigeons had stabilized on an FR 100 grain reinforcement schedule, response‐contingent shock was introduced in the form of a block counter. When shock intensity increased in successive thirds of the ratio, duration of post‐reinforcement pauses increased and local rate in an advanced part of the ratio declined. With decrements of shock intensity in successive thirds of the ratio, running rate was not consistently affected but pauses after reinforcements were longer than those under the increasing counter. The results are interpreted in terms of the interaction among some controlling variables operating in the behavioral ch

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1964.7-37

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1964

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1964.7-44

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1964

数据来源: WILEY