摘要:

The study examined the effects of the availability of a non‐cooperative response on cooperative responding when cooperation did not have to result in an equal distribution of work or reinforcers. Also, an attempt was made to determine if the cooperative responding was under the control of the cooperation procedure. Pairs of institutionalized retardates were tested in full view of each other. For each subject, reinforcers (money) were contingent upon responses on each of two panels: (1) a matching panel for working matching‐to‐sample problems, and (2) a sample panel for producing the sample stimulus. The matching panels of the two subjects were 6 m apart, but a subject's sample panel could be placed at different distances from his matching panel. For each subject, either his own or his partner's sample panel could be nearest his matching panel such that less walking was required to reach one sample panel than the other. Subjects could work either individually, by producing their own sample stimulus, or cooperatively, by producing the sample stimulus for their partner. Subjects selected whichever solution involved the least amount of walking. The importance of testing for control by the cooperation procedure was indicated by the findings that cooperative‐like responses were not always under the control of the cooperation pr

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1973.19-3

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Lever pressing was maintained by Sidman's shock‐postponement procedure and Herrnstein and Hineline's shock‐frequency‐reduction procedure with rats. Food deprivation to 80% and 70% of the animals' body weights on free feeding resulted in decreased response rates in both avoidance paradigms tested. Reinstatement of free‐feeding conditions increased body weights and response rates and decreased shock rates. The effects of food deprivation were not dependent upon any particular avoidance parameters, or types, intensities, or durations of electric shock. These results mean that weight control is essential in long‐term studies of avoidance behavior, and in studies of the effects on avoidance behavior of physiological interventions, such as hypothalamic lesions, that themselves may produce weigh

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1973.19-17

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Unsignalled, inescapable shocks were presented to four albino rats in one study and to six rats in a second study. By pressing a lever, subjects could change the condition to signalled shock for 3 min after which unsignalled shock was automatically reinstated. All subjects changed frequently to the signalled shock schedule. After a minimum of three 6‐hr sessions or after changeover responding stabilized at the previous values, higher values of signalled shock intensity or duration were introduced. In the first study, the duration of signalled shock was increased in increments of 0.5 sec. In the second study, the intensity of signalled shock was increased in increments of either 0.2 or 0.4 mA. Duration subjects chose signalled shock four (2.0 sec) to nine times (4.5 sec) longer than unsignalled shock (0.5 sec). Intensity subjects chose signalled shock two (2.0 mA) to three times (3.0 mA) more intense than unsignalled shock (1.0 mA

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1973.19-25

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Five rats were trained on a two‐component multiple schedule with each component consisting of a two‐link chain schedule. Differential response suppression in the initial links of the chain schedules was used as a measure of the relative aversiveness of events introduced into the subsequent terminal links. When unsignalled shock was scheduled in one terminal link and signalled shock in the other (in addition to equal numbers of food reinforcers), responding was suppressed to a greater degree in the initial link preceding the unsignalled‐shock condition. Reversing the terminal‐link positions of unsignalled shock and signalled shock led to a reversal of the differential response suppression in the initial links. These results confirm previous findings that signalled shock is less aversive than unsignalled shock and extend the generality of this phenomenon from choice measures to rate measures of avers

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1973.19-33

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Pecks by pigeons on a response key produced an ON state during which intermittent rewards were freely available,i.e., independently of responding. Pecks during the ON state caused it to remain ON. If no pecks occurred, the state changed to OFF—the key color changed—and rewards were not presented. The state remained OFF until the next response. Thus, responses controlled the state in the chamber but did not cause immediate reinforcement. Four dimensions of the schedule were varied: the rates of response‐independent rewards during ON; the duration of ON produced by each peck; the pattern of rewards during ON; and the presencevsabsence of exteroceptive cues during ON and OFF. The results showed that rates of responding were primarily controlled by the duration of ON produced by each response. When each response caused a long period of ON, pecks occurred infrequently; when each response caused a brief period of ON, pecks were fre

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1973.19-39

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Pigeons were trained to respond in non‐differential reinforcement pre‐discrimination training, with a multiple variable‐interval 1‐min variable‐interval 1‐min schedule. Each bird then received discrimination training with a multiple variable‐interval 1‐min variable‐time 1‐min schedule. Thus, discrimination training was between response‐dependent (variable‐interval) and response‐independent (variable‐time) schedules with the rate of reinforcement equated. In Experiment I, only three sessions of non‐differential reinforcement preceded discrimination training and for half the birds, a 0° line was correlated with the response‐dependent schedule; for the remaining birds the 0° line was correlated with the response‐independent schedule. Post‐discrimination gradients of excitatory stimulus control were obtained from the former group, while the latter group showed little evidence of post‐discrimination stimulus control by the 0° line. Differential responding to the variable‐time schedule was not accompanied by behavioral contrast to the variable‐interval schedule. In Experiment II, 20 sessions of non‐differential reinforcement preceded discrimination training and the 0° line was correlated with variable‐time reinforcement for each bird. Differential responding to the 0° line was accompanied by negative induction to the variable‐interval schedule and by inhibitory stimulus control about the 0°

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1973.19-55

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Three naive pigeons were exposed to a series of two‐component multiple schedules of response‐independent food presentation. The component schedules were sometimes identical (non‐differential procedures) and sometimes different (differential procedures). High rates of key pecking were maintained in all the differential procedures, and pecking decreased substantially in non‐differential procedures, even when the frequency of food presentation in non‐differential procedures was higher than in differential procedures. It is suggested that the high rates of key pecking were maintained not by adventitious response‐reinforcer contingencies, but by differential contingencies between the stimulus (keylight) and food. The role of such contingencies in the phenomenon of behavioral contrast i

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1973.19-65

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In discrimination training with the Lyons' blackout method, pecks to the negative stimulus are prevented by darkening the chamber each time the subject approaches the negative stimulus. Stimulus generalization along a stimulus dimension was measured after training with this method. For comparison, generalization was also measured after reinforced responding to the positive stimulus without discrimination training, and after discrimination training by extinction of pecks to the negative stimulus. The blackout procedure and the extinction of pecks to the negative stimulus both produced a peak shift in the generalization gradients. The results suggest that after discrimination training in which the positive and negative stimulus are on the same continuum, the blackout method produces extinction‐like effects on generalization test

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1973.19-73

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In three observing‐response experiments relevant to the information hypothesis of conditioned reinforcement, the basic procedure was one in which an observing response produced one stimulus on trials that terminated in non‐contingent reinforcement and another stimulus on trials that terminated in a brief timeout. In Experiment I, the observing response consisted of a single peck or a short fixed‐ratio schedule (FR 3 or FR 6), depending on the type of trial. If the single peck produced the negative stimulus and the fixed ratio produced the positive stimulus, observing responses were maintained. If the single peck produced the positive stimulus and the fixed‐ratio produced the negative stimulus, observing responses were not maintained on negative trials. In the second experiment, the response key was either white or dark at the beginning of a trial, indicating whether it was a positive or negative trial. Observing responses continued to be maintained on positive trials but not on negative trials. In Experiment III, only positive or negative trials were scheduled for several sessions. Observing responses extinguished regardless of whether positive or negative trials were scheduled. The results do not support the hypothesis that making the stimuli produced by observing responses redundant will reduce observing re

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1973.19-81

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Three rats were trained on a schedule in which a response on lever B was reinforced only if it was preceded by a minimum number of consecutive responses on lever A. The minimum requirement was 27 A responses for Rat 1, and 20 A responses for Rats 2 and 3. The schedule maintained high rates of responding on lever A, and a slow, spaced pattern of responding on lever B. The mean number of consecutive responses on lever A was slightly greater than the minimum required. The effect of superimposing on this behavior a stimulus that ended with an unavoidable shock was the suppression of responding on both levers during the pre‐shock stimulus. Responses on lever A were more suppressed, and the proportion of relatively short response runs on lever A during the pre‐shock stimulus increased. With all three rats, the mean number of consecutive responses on lever A during the pre‐shock stimulus decreased to a value below the minimum requirement for reinforcement of the subsequent B res

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1973.19-93

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY