ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1982.37-1

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A subject's performance under a conditional‐discrimination procedure defines conditional relations between stimuli: “If A1, then B1; if A2, then B2.” The procedure may also generate matching to sample. If so, the stimuli will be related not only by conditionality, but by equivalence: A1 and B1 will become equivalent members of one stimulus class, A2 and B2 of another. One paradigm for testing whether a conditional‐discrimination procedure has generated equivalence relations uses three sets of stimuli, A, B, and C, three stimuli per set. Subjects learn to select Set‐B and Set‐C comparisons conditionally upon Set‐A samples. Having been explicitly taught six sample‐comparison relations, A1B1, A1C1, A2B2, A2C2, A3B3, and A3C3, subjects prove immediately capable of matching the B‐ and C‐stimuli; six new relations emerge (B1C1, B2C2, B3C3, C1B1, C2B2, C3B3). The 12 stimulus relations, six taught and six emergent, define the existence of three three‐member stimulus classes, A1B1C1, A2B2C2, and A3B3C3. This paradigm was expanded by introducing three more stimuli (Set D), and teaching eight children not only the AB and AC relations but DC relations also—selecting Set‐C comparisons conditionally upon Set‐D samples. Six of the children proved immediately capable of matching the B‐ and D‐stimuli to each other. By selecting appropriate Set‐B comparisons conditionally upon Set‐D samples, and Set‐D comparisons conditionally upon Set‐B samples, they demonstrated the existence of three four‐member stimulus classes, A1B1C1D1, A2B2C2D2, and A3B3C3D3. These larger classes were confirmed by the subjects' success with the prerequisite lower‐level conditional relations; they were also able to select Set‐D comparisons conditionally upon samples from Sets A and C, and to do the BC and CB matching that defined the original three‐member classes. Adding the three DC relations therefore generated 12 more, three each in BD, DB, AD, and CD. Enlarging each class by one member brought about a disproportionate increase in the number of emergent relations. Ancillary oral naming tests suggested that the subject's application of the same name to each stimulus was neither necessary nor suffic

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1982.37-5

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Procedures for generating arbitrary matching‐to‐sample performances may generate only conditional discriminations. Rational grounds for this distinction are proposed, based on the properties that any equivalence relation must possess. Empirical tests are described for determining whether subjects trained on conditional discriminations are also engaged in true matching to sample. A series of studies then leads to the conclusion that proof of true matching to sample by monkeys, pigeons, or baboons is yet to be provided. Whether the absence of such proof reflects experiential factors or species‐defined limitations is not presently

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1982.37-23

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The delayed‐matching‐to‐sample procedure was modified to study pigeons' spatial memory. Nine pecking keys, arranged as a three‐by‐three matrix, served as the spatial cues. Trials began with a brief “ready” stimulus (dimming of the houselight). Then a randomly chosen key was lit briefly as a sample. After a short delay the sample key was lit again along with one of the other eight keys. A peck at the key that had served as the sample produced grain reinforcement, whereas a peck to the other key produced only the intertrial interval. After delayed matching of key location was learned, the effects of sample and delay duration, number of keys illuminated as sample and comparisons, and organization of three‐key samples were studied. Matching accuracy decreased as sample duration decreased, delay increased, the number of locations serving as samples increased, the number and proximity of comparisons increased, and when the three‐key samples were “discontinuous

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1982.37-45

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Food‐deprived pigeons were presented with a row of four response keys situated above a grain hopper aperture. At the start of a trial, three of four keys were randomly selected and illuminated white for six seconds. After a variable blackout period, one of the three previously white keys and the previously dark key were illuminated green, and the remaining white keys were reilluminated as before. A response to the green key that was previously white was reinforced with three‐seconds access to grain; a response to any other key resulted in a three‐second blackout and the start of a new trial. Five of six subjects responded to the correct green key more often than chance at an interstimulus interval of 1.5 seconds, and they displayed maximal performance at different intertrial interval values ranging from 15 to 60 seconds. Choice accuracy decreased for all but one subject as the interstimulus interval was increased. For the range of interstimulus interval durations employed, decrements in choice accuracy were qualitatively similar to, but lower than those typically obtained from, delayed‐matching‐to‐sample or delayed‐pair comparis

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1982.37-57

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Pigeons were trained to discriminate temporal stimuli in a discrete‐trial signal‐detection procedure. Pecks to one side key were reinforced intermittently after exposure to one duration, and pecks to the other side key were reinforced intermittently after exposure to a different duration. In Experiment I, the allocation of reinforcers was varied systematically for correct responses and for errors, using a procedure that controlled the obtained numbers of reinforcers. When reinforcers were allocated symmetrically, the level of discrimination decreased as the proportion of reinforcers for errors increased. When reinforcers were allocated asymmetrically, the decrease in discrimination was less systematic. Bias toward one or the other side key roughly matched the ratio of reinforcers obtained by pecks at those keys, independent of the level of discrimination. In Experiment II, the overall rate of reinforcement for correct responses was varied both within and between experimental conditions. The level of discrimination was positively related to the overall rate of reinforcement. The discrimination data of both experiments were interpreted in relation to the contingencies of reinforcement and nonreinforcement, characterized by the average difference in reinforcement probability for correct responses and err

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1982.37-65

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Five pigeons were trained on concurrent variable‐interval fixed‐ratio schedules in three experiments. Experiment 1 used two variable‐interval schedules and one fixed‐ratio schedule, and the ratio requirement was varied. Using the generalized matching law, sensitivity to reinforcement was close to 1.0, but performance was biased toward the variable‐interval schedule with the lower reinforcement rate. In Experiment 2, which used one variable‐interval and one fixed‐ratio schedule, the interval schedule was varied. All birds showed sensitivities to reinforcement of less than 1.0 and of less than the values obtained in Experiment 1. The performance was also biased toward the fixed‐ratio schedule. Because the generalized matching law could not account for the differences in the data from Experiments 1 and 2, an extension of this law was suggested and successfully tested in Experiment 3. The proposed dual‐sensitivity model was also shown to clarify some previously

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1982.37-81

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Pigeons pecked two keys in a probability matching situation in which four two‐peck sequences were intermittently reinforced: left‐left, left‐right, right‐left, and right‐right. In Phase 1, relative reinforcement rate was varied with respect to the first response of a sequence: reinforcers were differentially assigned for left‐left and left‐right sequences as opposed to right‐left and right‐right sequences. The second response of reinforced sequences occurred equally on the left and right keys across conditions. In Phase II, relative reinforcement rate was varied for sequences that involved an alternation as opposed to those that did not. The relative outputs of the different sequences matched the relative reinforcement rates for the different sequences in both phases. Relative response rates for key pecks did not always match relative reinforcement rates. The intertrial interval separating responses was varied in both phases; increases in the intertrial interval affected the relative frequency of different sequences. The results demonstrate that response sequences acted as functional units influencing choice and thus support a structural account of choice. At the same time, the matching of relative sequence proportion and relative reinforcement rate supports a

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1982.37-97

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Pigeons chose between equivalent two‐component mixed and multiple terminal‐link schedules of reinforcement in the concurrent‐chains procedure. The pigeons preferred the multiple schedule over the mixed when the components of the compound schedules were differentiated in terms of density of reinforcement, but the pigeons were indifferent when the components were differentiated in terms of number of reinforcers per cycle. Taken together, these results indicate that a local variable, the interval to the first reinforcer, but not a molar variable, the number of reinforcers, was sufficient to differentiate the components and thereby evoke prefe

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1982.37-115

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A multiple‐response baseline of four activities was established using gerbils as subjects. When one of the baseline responses was punished (Experiment 1) or restricted (Experiments 2 and 3), only the most probable of the alternative baseline responses increased. The response most likely to follow the punished or restricted responses during baseline sessions was also suppressed during subsequent punishment or response‐restriction treatm

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1982.37-123

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY