摘要:

AbstractLocal tissue fluid within the subcutaneous tissues of the hind legs of dogs was sampled with a liquid paraffin cavity method. The potassium and sodium concentrations of nanoliter samples of the tissue fluid were analyzed with an ultra‐micro flame photometric method and compared to the plasma concentrations of these ions. The average potassium concentration in the tissue fluid was 4.67 meq/l and the average sodium concentration was 153.4 meq/l; the corresponding plasma values were 3.78 meq/l and 142.3 meq/l respectively. The average individual potassium tissue fluid: plasma ratio was 1.25 (P<0.001 vs. 1.0) and the sodium tissue fluid: plasma ratio 1.08 (P<0.001 vs. 1.0). Possible sources of error at sampling and analyses have been evaluated. The potassium and sodium content of the local tissue fluid was higher than expected of an ultrafiltrate of plasma according to the generally accepted Gibbs‐Donnan constant (0.96) for these ions. The apparent deviation of the obtained values from the Gibbs‐Donnan constant can be explained by assuming that charged anionic macromolecules in the ground substance of the tissues affect the cation distribution in the local tissue

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1970.tb04632.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe level of total, heat stable and heat labile inhibitors of a proteolytic enzyme from Aspergillus oryzae‐protease I‐have been studied in plasma from eight patients. After treatment of these patients by infusions of 150 mg of the proteolytic enzyme in 5 % levulose solution, the change in the level of the different inhibitors have been estimated. It has been shown that there is a lowering of the total inhibitors content after each infusion. This decrease is only partly compensated for by the day following the first infusion. After the forthcoming infusions the decrease is completely compensated for resulting in a level before each subsequent infusion which is lower than that before commencement of treatment. This remaning decrease can be attributed to the heat stable inhibitor. A possible mechanism for the thrombolytic effect of the protease is mentio

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1970.tb04633.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractHypothalamic radio‐frequency lesions were produced in unanesthetized goats with the use of thermo‐couple electrodes permanently implanted into the median eminence region. Lesions restricted to the median eminence induced the triphasic response typical of experimental diabetes insipidus (DI). The polyuria of the temporary phase of DI developed before the polydipsia commenced. The increased water intake was apparently secondary to the excessive renal water loss. When the median eminence lesions were extended into the midhypothalamic region no clear distinction could be made between the onset of polyuria and polydipsia. Similar lesions encroaching upon the anterior hypothalamus and affecting the paraventricular nuclei, caused temporary hyperdipsia but no transient polyuria, or a much delayed temporary increase in urine flow. All three types of lesions induced the permanent phase of DI after a latent period of 6 to 11 days. The polydipsia of the permanent phase occurred after the commencement of the polyuria (observations in 2 animals), and was evidently due to a physiological stimulation of the thirst mechan

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1970.tb04634.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe disappearance rate of I125and Xe133from a depot in the gastrocnemius muscle of the dog was determined during vasodilatation caused by activation of the sympathetic cholinergic vasodilator nerves. During vasodilatation the disappearance rate of I125and Xe133increased. No systematic difference in the disappearance rate was observed between the water‐soluble (I125) and the fat‐soluble (Xe133) tracer. The vasodilatation did not usually last far more than 30 sec, and during this period the increase in disappearance rate often exceeded the increase in blood flow. The disappearance rate of Xe133was studied from different muscles during stimulation of hypothalamic vasodilator pathways and was found to be enhanced from the splenius, latissimus dorsi and gastrocnemius muscles but not from the maeseter muscle.Vasodilator nerve stimulation and acetylcholine infusion caused comparable increases in disappearance rate during the blood flow increase. When the blood flow was back to resting levcls, a decrease in disappearance rate below control values was seen. The increase in disappearance rate during sympathetic nervous vasodilatation was usually less than during metabolic vasodilatation and after metabolic vasodilatation no decrease was observed in the disappearance rate. The results support the hypothesis that during metabolic vasodilatation precapillary sphincters are opened up leading to an increased capillary surface area while the vasodilator nerves do not directly influence the exchange surface a

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1970.tb04635.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn order to investigate earlier observed salicylate‐induced fetal hemorrhage, sodium salicylate or dicumarol was given i.m. to A/Jax mice on the 17th gestation day. Prothrombin time was measured in the fetuses and the mother at autopsy at different times after injection. A decrease in the prothromth concentration was found in fetuses with salicylate‐induced hemorrhage after 4, 8 and 12 hrs, but not after 24 hrs. Fetuses wihout hemorrhages and the mothers in the salicylate group had the same prothrombin time as those in the control groups. Dicumarol lowered the prothrombin concentration in both the mother and fetuses, but did not cause visible hemorrhage. The possible correlation between salicylate‐induced hemorrhage and hypo‐prothrombinemia is briefly di

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1970.tb04636.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA method is described for the isolation of 5‐HIAA in brain tissue extracts or cerebrospinal fluid by use of a Sephadex G‐10 column. The eluate is taken for fluorimetric determination of 5‐HIAA in 3 M hydrochloric acid. Tissue blanks are obtained by destruction of 5‐HIAA with potassium ferricyanide plus UV irradiation or with hydrogen peroxide. Recovery of 5‐HI.4A from brain extracts was above 90 %. The sensitivity of the method allows quantitative determination of about 50 ng of 5‐HIAA in a tissue extract. 5‐HT in the effluent and washings from the Sephadex G‐10 column was isolated on a weak cation exchange resin and determined fluorimetrically (AndCn and Magnusson 1967). Recovery of 5‐HT added to brain extracts was 85 %. Determination of 5‐HIAA in 3–5 ml samples of human cerebrospinal fluid could be performed with the present method wi

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1970.tb04637.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractBy the use of histochemical methods the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AcChE) was visualized in nerve terminal appearing structures in the adventitia of small intramuscular arteries (30–100 μ) of cat and dog. These AcChE‐rich structures may represent cholinergir nerve terminals. Following chronic sympathectomy in dogs no AcChE‐rich nerve terminals were found in muscles on the operated side, indicating that these nerves represented sympathetic cholinergic innerva‐tion of skeletal muscle vessels, presumably the vasodilator nerves. In adjacent tissue sections of the muscle, adrenergic nerve terminals were histochemically visualized. Adrenergic nerve terminals were. seen in the same layer of the vessel wall as the cholinergic ones, i.e. in the adventitia surrounding the media. Adrenergic nerve terminals were found to innervate both large and small arteries. In muscle samples from monkey and human subjects no AcChE‐rich nerve terminals were observed around the vessels. However, adrenergic nerve terminals were found in these species with the same appearance as in cat and dog. This finding supports previous physiological experiments indicating that skeletal muscle of monkey lack sympathetic cholinergic vasodilator i

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1970.tb04638.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe lumbar sympathetic chain was electrically stimulated in different species before and after blocking the adrenergic vasoconstrictor nervous response. Blood flow in the hind limb skeletal muscles was measured. In all species studied, fox, sheep, goat, monkey (five different strains), polecat, rat, badger, opossum rat and hare, stimulation of the lumbar chain before adrenergic blockade resulted in a vasoconstriction. After blocking the vasoconstrictor nervous response stimulation elicited a blood flow increase in fox, sheep and goat. After atropine, the response to stimulation was blocked, indicating that sympathetic cholinergic nerves had been activated. In the other species studied no vasodilator response was observed upon sympathetic chain stimulation. The results suggest that the role attributed to the vasodilator nerves, anticipatory to muscle exercise, are played by other mechanisms in species lacking sympathetic cholinergic vasodilator nerves.

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1970.tb04639.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe occurrence of high amounts of dopa has been demonstrated chemically in the piliary system of pigmented animals (guinea‐pig, rabbit, and dog). Histochemically, a formaldehyde‐induced fluorescence was recorded only in melanocytes of hair‐bulbs. The spectral characterictics of these cells did not agree with those of the authentic dopa fluorophore. The discrepancy between the chemical and histochemical findings is discussed. Little or no dopa was found in non‐pigmented skin of albino and multi‐coloured guinea‐pigs. This indicates that the integumentary dopa is related to the pigmen

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1970.tb04640.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractBlood viscosityin vivo(“apparent viscosity”) and its variations with flow rate was analyzed in the maximally dilated calf muscle vascular bed of the cat by comparing pressure‐flow relationships for blood and a Newtonian fluid (dextran‐Tyrode) over a flow range between 60 and 0.2 ml/min × 100 g tissue. Viscosityin vitrofor the same perfusates was measured in a cone‐plate viscometer.—Apparent viscosity was much lower (approximately 50 %) thanin vitrovalues at high shear rates, with less variation between animals. It increased with decreased flow but was as a maximum only doubled, which occurred at flows around 0.5 ml/min × 100 g. Since such small flows normally occur in constricted vessels with higher flow velocities than at maximal dilatation, the range of viscosity changes with flow in the intact circulation is probably decidedly smaller. The steep rise of viscosityin vitroat quite low shear rates had no counterpartin vivo;in fact, viscosity then tended to fall again. The discrepancies between blood viscosityin vivoandin vitroseem to be related to vascular dimensions, favouring “bolus flow” and hence low regional viscosity in the most narrow vessels, which may become more pronounced at further luminal reduction, active or passive.Addition of high molecular weight dextran (HMD) raised apparent viscosity to seemingly high levels at low flows. However, to a considerable extent this appears to be due to cell aggregation and plugging of microvessels rather than to a genuine increase o

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1970.tb04641.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY