摘要:

Summary.A method is reported for determinations of pH in saliva from the parotid and mandibular glands. A micro quinhydron electrode according to BILLMANN is used. A technique is described by which loss of CO2during both collecting and measureing of the sample is avoided.Determinations are caried out to show the accuracy of this method in comparison with methods used by former investigators.

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1946.tb00330.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1946

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.The author's micro method for the determination of pH in saliva (SCHMIDT‐NIELSEN, 1945) is applied. It is found that:1) Resting saliva can only be obtained when the person studied is sitting completely quiet. Even talking, mastication, coughing or anything like that causes a marked increase in the pH of saliva.2) The pH of resting parotid saliva is remarkabley constant for the single person, not only during 24 hours, but also from day to day and from month to month. The pH of mandibular saliva does not show quite the same constancy, this is perhaps partly due to the technique employed.3) The pH's of parotid saliva from 40 persons range from 5.45 to 6.06 (average 5.81). The pH's of mandibular salliva range from 6.02 to 7.14 (average 6.39).4) Stimulation causes a considerable rise (up to two pH units) in the pH of the saliva. Gustatory, olfactory and mechanical stimuli were tried. Gustatory stimuli were found to have the strongest effect up

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1946.tb00331.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1946

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.1 The purpose of this paper was to investigate whether the weight of the subject's own arm influences the perception of an external weight to be lifted, when the receptive mechanism is proprioceptive (as is almost the casee. g.when liftingheavyweights).2 The receptive mechanism of weight perception was briefly discussed.3 The experiments were performed on 54 war invalids amputated on the upper limb. The experimental arrangement was as follows: The subject had to compare two weights, the one of which (a standard of 3,000 g) was lifted by the arm (the intact arm, or the stump) in an abduced position, the subject standing erect and the armweight acting against gravity, the other one (variable weight) lifted with the subject in a tilting posture, the arm hanging vertically down and the tissues thus passively supporting the arm weight. The weight to be added to the variable weight in order to make the two weights phenomenally equal, showed great individual differences.4 In experiments with theintact arm, in 19 cases, the additional weight was at the most 300–400 g greater than a weight that corresponds to the difference threshold determined the standard weight and the variable weight both lifted in the erect posture and the arm‐weight acting against gravity. The difference is not statistically significant. In 11 cases it was 500–600 g greater,i. e.on the limit of significance, and finally in 24 cases 700–2,800 g greater, which difference is surely significant. In experiments withforearm stumpsthe corresponding figures were 16: 4: 8, and in experiments witharm stumps19: 1: 2. It is obvious, that when experimenting with the whole arm,the arm‐weight influences the perception of an external weight in most subjects, in experiments on forearm stumps the influence is much less and in experiments on arm stumps hardly observable, quite in accordance with the fact, that the weight of the forearm stump is of course a little less, that of the arm stump considerably less than the weight of the intact arm.5 Those cases in which (in experiments with the intact arm) the perception of a lifted weight was not affected by the arm weight (19 cases) proved, that theproprioceptive weight perception shows phenomenal regression to a conceptual thing character analogous to the well‐known constancy phenomena in the visual field. In a few cases, however, there was reason to believe, that the receptive mechanism was tactual (pressure exerted upon the skin). In these cases the weight perception is of course independent of the arm weight.Financial aid for this research has been granted by the KORDELIN foundation.I hereby wish to express my gratitude to the Head of the Red Cross Invalid Hospital, Dr. REHNBERG for his permission to carry out the investigation on patients at the Hospital. It is a pleasure to record my indeptedness to the nurses and social case workers for their kind assistance in selecting and sending the patients over to the Physiology Institute. I am also grateful to Miss LIISA LAINE, for her valuable help and thoroughness in carrying out a pa

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1946.tb00332.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1946

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.The paper describes the results obtained on applying the method of BENEDICT‐BEHRE‐LANGLEY‐EVANS‐LEHNARTZ for the quantitative determination of creatinine to the problem of the methylation of guanidine acetic acid in the animal body. It is found that muscle and liver tissue from the rat are capable of catalysing the methylation of guanidine acetic acid to creatine, the methyl groups being furnished by methionine. The results thus corroborate those of a previou

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1946.tb00333.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1946

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.It is found that etiolated wheat germs are unable to catalyse the methylation of ethanol amine to choline, with methionine as methyl donator. The meaning of this is briefly discussed.

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1946.tb00334.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1946

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.1 A survey of the investigations, made earlier on the choline esterase content in invertebrates, is a preface to this paper.2 The acetylcholine hydrolysing effect for different marine invertebrates has been investigated.3 The acetylcholine hydrolysing effect is compared with the hydrolysis of two other choline esters, acetyl‐β‐methylcholine and benzoylcholine, which other authors have suggested using in order to estimate the specificity of choline esterase. The results show that the method is insufficient. Thus some species hardly split either of the two substrates mentioned; this suggests the possibility of the occurrence of an enzyme which is still more specific as regards acetylcholine.4 The properties of the choline esterases are discussed in the light of prese

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1946.tb00335.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1946

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.1 On the basis of BODANSKY'S and LUNDSTEEN and VERMEHREN'S procedures an analytical method is described for the determination of the phosphatase activity in serum and organ extracts.2 The phosphatase activity is determined in a series of organs of normal dogs. The intestine was found to have the highest phosphatase activity, then follow kidney cortex, pancreas and, finally, liver and spleen which both have rather low phosphatase contents.3 The observations of other authors concerning the serum phosphatase activity after ligation of the common bile duct have been confirmed insofar as, a few days after ligation, a jaundice is observed which is accompanied by an increase in the serum phosphatase activity of up to c. 40 times the normal value. No parallelism is seen between the intensity of the jaundice and the serum phosphatase activity. Furthermore an increase in the phosphatase activity of the liver‐ and intestinal tissues is observed, while the stasis of the bile does scarcely affect the phosphatase contents of pancreas, spleen and kidney.4 It is assumed that the increased serum phosphatase during obstructive jaundice may originate from the

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1946.tb00336.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1946

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.The studies concerning the mechanism of the development of hyperphosphatasemia in rabbits with obstructive jaundice have been continued.1 A method is described for the quantitative determination of phosphatase in tissues.2 By means of this method determinations of phosphatase have been carried out on liver tissue, intestinal mucosa and renal cortical tissue from normal rabbits and rabbits on which ductus choledochus has been ligated. 17 to 20 hours after the operation, when the hyperphosphatasemia is maximal it is not possible to demonstrate any difference in the phosphatase contents of liver tissue and intestinal mucosa. In renal cortex a significant fall in phosphatase has been demonstrated.3 The investigations do not give any explanation of the hyperphosphatasemia in rabbits in connection with obstructive jau

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1946.tb00337.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1946

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.1 Extracts of fresh cattle spleen possess a pressor activity equivalent to some 10 μg adrenaline per g of tissue.2 The purified substance increases the heart rate and raises the blood pressure of the cat in chloralose anaesthesia.3 The pressor action is enhanced by cocaine.4 Ergotamine in doses which annul or reverse the pressor action of adrenaline is less active in depressing the action of purified spleen extracts, which in this respect resembles certain catechol amino‐bases, such as nor‐adrenaline or 3: 4‐dihydroxy‐nor‐ephedrine (D. N. E.).5 Adrenaline inhibits the isolated rabbit's intestine and the non‐pregnant cat's uterus more powerfully than equipressor doses of spleen extracts or D. N. E.6 Purified spleen extracts, like D. N. E., are less active in stimulating the rabbit's uterus than equipressor doses of adrenaline.7 Purified spleen extracts and D. N. E. have a weaker pupil dilating action than equipressor doses of adrenaline.8 Purified spleen extracts stimulate the isolated heart in much the same way as equipressor doses of adrenaline and D. N. E.9 Purified spleen extracts and D. N. E. do not give the fluorescence reaction characteristic of adrenaline in equipressor concentrations.10 Purified spleen extracts and D. N. E. give the FeCl3colour reaction to about the same strength as equipressor concentrations of adrenaline.11 The biological tests, colour and fluorescence reactions of purified spleen extracts thus bear a good resemblance to those of nor‐adrenaline or D. N. E. and differ from those of adrenaline.12 The similarity between the action of the purified spleen extracts and the postulated sympathin E on the one hand and nor‐adrenaline

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1946.tb00338.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1946

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.1 It is found, that glutathione is an accessory growth substance for tissue cultures, but that it does not suffice to give the cultures normal growth and apperance.2 The malt extracts previously investigated contain small amounts of glutathione, but this substance is not resposible for the complementary effect of the malt extracts on dialyzed media.3 Further properties of the active fractions are desc

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1946.tb00339.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1946

数据来源: WILEY