摘要:

Three major developments have generated a renewed interest in water supply improvements. First, serious concern about the uncertain threat posed by toxic chemicals presently in the environment and those now being manufactured. Second, the need to provide for more efficient water delivery as energy costs continue to escalate. Third, belated recognition of the deterioration of many older urban water systems, which results in waste of energy and the potential for public health problems. AWWA's role in addressing these concerns is outlined here.

ISSN:0003-150X    

DOI:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1981.tb04627.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

As a rule, municipal water systems are highly complex. A new systems analysis tool, called the input‐output water transactions table, is a simple means to understand both the details and overall structure of a complex system and to facilitate technical planning and informed decision making.

ISSN:0003-150X    

DOI:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1981.tb04628.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Although it is anticipated that industry will dramatically reduce its water withdrawals through recycling and reuse, projections indicate that the amount of water consumption will increase because of industrial expansion and changes in processes. At present, industry is the second major water user in the Great Lakes region, the main source of water being the Great Lakes themselves. Because of this abundant and relatively inexpensive source of water, water quantity is not a problem or an incentive for water conservation: rather, the major impetus is maintaining water quality and monetary savings. Compliance with water quality regulations and economic incentives have already caused many regional industries to conserve water. Additional industrial water conservation will probably be limited to those firms not already in compliance with water quality legislation.

ISSN:0003-150X    

DOI:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1981.tb04629.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Water consumption is a function of complex interactions of physical, social, and economic influences on individual consumers. In the present era of shrinking budgets and rising costs, curbing consumer demand is increasing in importance. Pricing policies are frequently singled out as a tool to manage that demand. Single unit rates and even inclining block rates are promoted by many would‐be conservationists, while declining block rates are seen as encouraging waste. The author suggests that, given measured tendencies of residential and commercial and industrial consumers, declining rate structures can encourage water conservation.

ISSN:0003-150X    

DOI:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1981.tb04630.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Pipeline damage by equipment operated in proximity to existing underground utilities costs millions of dollars each year and poses considerable hazard to workmen and the public. Excavation in proximity to buried facilities is a long‐established fact of life and the probability of damage is recognized to be directly proportional to the preparation, investigation, and notification activities that have preceded actual excavation. In order to alleviate this problem and provide a simple and effective notification method, utility and pipeline operators in many areas banded together to establish one‐call notification systems. It has been well demonstrated that these systems have substantially reduced damage costs.

ISSN:0003-150X    

DOI:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1981.tb04626.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A four‐year program of daily sampling from selected points extending beyond the original intake proved successful in establishing a reliable intake location for Ottawa's Britannia plant. Regardless of weather conditions or seasons, representative Ottawa River water samples were obtained through plastic hoses connected to submerged stanchions. Since the 150‐m intake extension was constructed in 1977, no adverse water conditions have resulted from intense storms or spring runoff.

ISSN:0003-150X    

DOI:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1981.tb04631.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Many small and rural water systems have both cost and quality problems. As drinking water quality standards become more stringent, costs will increase and both problems will be compounded. One economical alternative to conventional treatment is the package plant—a self‐contained unit that can be installed at minimum cost.

ISSN:0003-150X    

DOI:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1981.tb04632.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0003-150X    

DOI:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1981.tb04633.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Chloroform, the most common trihalomethane (THM) in drinking water, has been shown to be a carcinogen in rodents and thus poses a risk to consumers of drinking water. Reduction of THMs can be accomplished by using a disinfectant that does not generate THMs, by reducing precursor concentrations prior to chlorination, or by reducing THMs after formation. Modification of existing treatment facilities for THM reduction must be carefully controlled so that the microbiological quality of the drinking water is not compromised.

ISSN:0003-150X    

DOI:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1981.tb04635.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Of all the current potential alternatives to free residual chlorine for drinking water disinfection (ozone, chlorine dioxide, and chloramines), ozone is the most potent biocide. Chlorine dioxide is about on a par with hypochlorous acid, but in contrast to free residual chlorine, its efficiency increases substantially as pH increases in the range at which disinfection is usually applied. Chloramines are weaker biocides than hypochlorite ion, the least efficient form of free residual chlorine. Precise quantitative ranking of biocidal efficiencies is not possible because efficiencies differ with different microorganisms and experimental conditions. Laboratory studies are not always directly applicable to disinfectant use in the field.

ISSN:0003-150X    

DOI:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1981.tb04636.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY