摘要:

This article discusses the challenges of water supply in the United States, in particular the challenge of long‐range planning, the challenge of communicating to the public the need to provide for the water supply needs of the future growth of communities, and the challenge of providing quality water service, or quality service of quality water.

ISSN:0003-150X    

DOI:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1961.tb00635.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This article evaluates the available water supply in the western U.S., along with the use of desalinization plants. Insofar as the United States mainland is concerned, it seems that there will be no substantial need or opportunity to use desalinization plants along the Pacific Coast. A need for these plants may develop along the Texas Gulf Coast when the lower‐cost natural waters are fully utilized. Inland in the seventeen western states, there will develop a great need for additional sources of water. This is an area with substantial quantities of saline waters, where agriculture, especially irrigated agriculture, has a prominent or predominant role in the present economy of each state. As natural freshwaters become fully developed, it will be difficult for agriculture, because of costs, to compete with urban and industrial demands for water. Any solution to water problems involving the production of freshwater from saline waters will have to be within the price range of those who need the water for irrigation. It seems that the high costs of disposing waste saline water from desalinization plants may, in many instances, offer an added problem in the use of inland saline waters as a source of freshwater. Lower costs for methods of extracting freshwater from the sea and inland saline waters are definitely needed.

ISSN:0003-150X    

DOI:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1961.tb00641.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This article discusses the use of seawater evaporators at the Morro Bay, California, plant, which proved to be the least costly method of producing a freshwater supply for the plant. This demonstrates that it is possible to locate a plant on the seashore if the site is desirable but does not have freshwater. The submerged‐tube evaporator sets for Units 1 and 2 were effective for producing freshwater from seawater. The use of copper‐bearing, carbon‐steel‐welded shells for the evaporator shells was satisfactory, although some corrosion did occur. Scale control was maintained at a small cost of 2.5 cents per 1,000 gal of freshwater. The total cost of freshwater at full capacity was estimated to be $2.50 per 1,000 gal, with fuel costing 35 cents per 1,000,000 Btu. This cost can be reduced with newer types of seawater evaporators.

ISSN:0003-150X    

DOI:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1961.tb00642.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

During the last decade, the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, which services every home, business, and industry in a 458‐sq mi area, has brought the important issues of its administration to the attention of audiences totaling more than 6,000,000 people. This was accomplished by the department's film‐and‐speaker program. Because of the rapid population growth of Los Angeles and the increasing use of electricity by consumers, it has been necessary for the department to rush to completion additional steam‐generating facilities. To convey this story of expansion and the need for it to the citizens of Los Angeles, a motion picture, “Power for Progress,” was recently produced. The film tells the story of electric power in Los Angeles. The showing of the film is followed by a qualified speaker's discussion of future plans for the power system.

ISSN:0003-150X    

DOI:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1961.tb00643.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Connecticut to date has a record of freedom from waterborne disease. The natural surface and groundwater supply sources in the state are free from sewage pollution. Treatment by chlorination and filtration provides safeguards against the danger of chance contamination, which always exists. The natural water supplies of Connecticut are generally soft and of reasonably good physical quality. A considerable number of filtration plants is now in operation in the state. Filtration will be provided to an increasing extent to improve water of poor physical quality. Such treatment will also furnish an additional barrier against waterborne disease. Some further development of surface sources in clean watersheds can and should be made in the future, where possible. It does not appear necessary for several decades to contemplate obtaining supplies from large rivers, but the time may come and efforts in pollution abatement on these rivers should continue. Studies of groundwater potential for water supplies in the state should be undertaken on a greatly expanded basis, and unquestionably a cooperative survey of groundwater resources by the state and U.S. Geological Survey should be planned over the next decade.

ISSN:0003-150X    

DOI:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1961.tb00644.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This column provides news briefs and vignettes of the water industry as of January 1961.

ISSN:0003-150X    

DOI:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1961.tb00640.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A listing of water supply facilities in the large cities of the U.S., reflecting conditions as of January 1, 1958, was issued by the U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) in April 1959. This listing continued the series of inventories begun in 1954, repeated for 1955 and 1956, and scheduled to be issued every 2 years. A statistical summary of the data for each of these earlier years has been reported. This report contains the national summary for 1958 and is directly comparable to that for 1956. The present summary includes data for United States territories and possessions. Alaska and Hawaii are included in this category because they became states after 1958. Future inventories for the United States as a whole will be comparable with inventories made in 1956 and later.

ISSN:0003-150X    

DOI:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1961.tb00645.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The maintenance, periodic testing, and repair of water meters have received considerable attention over the years. There is, however, a noticeable lack of consistency in meter maintenance practices within the industry. In studies of practices at the East Bay Municipal Utility District, California, it was found that most procedures had been evolved over the years through experience and had never been carefully evaluated from an economic standpoint. To help in the planning for more efficient operations, a questionnaire was prepared on maintenance practices for 5/8‐in. meters and circulated to 83 public and private agencies retailing water directly to the consumer. Kuranz has made surveys of this type in the past covering essentially the meter repair phases of this survey. The data developed in this survey, however, differ to some extent from those reported by Kuranz. Responses were received from 52 utilities, which represented more than 4,600,000 meters. The sample was deliberately stratified to make it more representative. The questionnaire divided meter practices into five categories: cleaning; repair; testing; purchase; and, replacement. The data on each of the five categories are presented in this article.

ISSN:0003-150X    

DOI:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1961.tb00646.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In an effort to determine the most accurate method for estimating the density of coliform organisms in untreated farm pond water, 46 samples were analyzed in parallel by: the membrane filter technique; the MPN method with confirmation on BGB broth; the MPN‐BGB method, followed by the SMC test on all positive BGB tubes; and, the SMC test alone. If it is assumed that the MPN‐BGB‐SMC method gave the closest approximation of the true coliform population, then, in terms of both average and individual results, the SMC method was most accurate. MF results tended to be somewhat high, and the MPN‐BGB method showed a definite bias toward high values. The results emphasize the need for exercising care in the choice of method for determining coliform density of moderately polluted water in small impoundments, such as farm ponds. The BGB‐confirmed test should not be employed unless it is certain that results from this method are in accord with results from the completed test on a particular water source.

ISSN:0003-150X    

DOI:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1961.tb00647.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In a previous article, published in the December 1960 issue of the Journal, the problems of treating water containing a fish poison were discussed, and data was presented on the ability of various water treatment processes to remove the toxic agents deliberately added to a water during fish management operations. This article reports the results of experiments on assessing the odor potential of various fish poison formulations and the ability of water treatment processes to remove these odors. It was shown that odor in a raw water supply occurring after contamination with the fish poisons tested may be removed effectively by activated carbon. No other common water treatment process will successfully reduce the odor of 2.0 mg/l of fish poison formulation to acceptable levels. The doses of carbon required for the formulations tested in this study were 36‐85 mg/l. Such carbon doses are unusually large and would be a serious economic burden in the routine treatment of water. But because fish poison formulations would be applied infrequently and because the odor of most of the formulations persists for only a short time, during which interval decreasing dosages of carbon are required, the increased cost of water treatment may not be very large. Use of formulations containing toxaphene would require sustained treatment with carbon because of the high stability of toxaphene. Because of the unusual odor problem and unknown composition of the solvents presently used in fish poison formulations, it is recommended that a more suitable solvent be developed for use in formulations intended for water supply application.

ISSN:0003-150X    

DOI:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1961.tb00648.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1961

数据来源: WILEY