ISSN:1040-8703    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1991

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This review highlights further advances in imaging of the central nervous system in infants and children. Gadolinium diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid is now widely used as an adjunct to magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in children, aiding the diagnosis of inflammatory or neoplastic disorders. MR imaging enables fine detail of the brain to be displayed. High signal intensity foci have been identified in the basal ganglia in patients with neurofibromatosis. Central nervous system abnormalities in herpes encephalitis type II, Lyme disease, and multiple sclerosis in children have been well demonstrated by MR imaging. The role of MR imaging angiography is evolving. MR imaging spectroscopy of some childhood tumors demonstrates a pattern suggestive of ischemia. Three-dimensional computed tomography is superior to conventional radiography and computed tomography for the diagnosis of craniosynostosis. The alterations to cerebral blood flow in neonates undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation have been documented by color Doppler imaging, computed tomography, and MR imaging. Single-photon emission tomography may demonstrate perfusion abnormalities in children with cerebral palsy.

ISSN:1040-8703    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1991

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This review of literature on the lower respiratory tract in pediatric patients deals first with the interest in the new imaging procedures in congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation and pulmonary sequestration. Another article shows that very early prenatal diagnosis of congenital diaphragmatic hernia does not statistically change the clinical outcome even after the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Among other topics mentioned are tracheal complications of esophageal atresia after surgical repair, esophageal achalasia, congenital lobar emphysema, neonatal distress syndrome, and particularly the ultrasonographic appearance of hyaline membrane disease. Several articles are analyzed that concern infectious diseases of the lung (mycoplasma pneumonia, herpes simplex virus pneumonia, tuberculosis in the neonatal period, pulmonary aspergillosis in patients affected by chronic septic granulomatosis), aspirated foreign bodies (and particularly the frequency of sequelae disclosed by the association of plain film radiology and lung ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy in the long-term follow-up), lipoid pneumonia, pulmonary calcifications after cardiac surgery, esophageal malpositioning of endotracheal tubes, and bronchoadenomas in children.

ISSN:1040-8703    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1991

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This article details the advantages of nonionic contrast media along with apparent propensity for clot formation when in contact with stagnant blood. The spectrum of pulmonary sequestration is reviewed with coil embolization of the nutrient artery being the treatment of choice in neonates with heart failure. An extensive paper on therapeutic embolization for cystic fibrosis is reviewed, with attention directed toward important anastomoses with the spinal circulation. Embolization for inoperable aneurysmal bone cysts and Meckel's diverticulum is described along with angioplasty for transplant renal artery stenosis. A synopsis of a Japanese article describes the type and distribution of aneurysms seen in the mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome and their natural outcome.

ISSN:1040-8703    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1991

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The majority of articles reviewed emphasize the importance of computed tomography in evaluating trauma and neoplastic conditions of the abdomen. Magnetic resonance imaging of the abdomen is frequently helpful but apparently has not added information over that provided by computed tomography, with the exception of information on vascular lesions. Sonographic examination of the appendix has found popularity in a number of institutions, and the importance of ultrasound evaluation of gastrointestinal tract abnormalities, both congenital and acquired, is being reported more frequently.

ISSN:1040-8703    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1991

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Prenatal ultrasound has provided much new information to our knowledge of neurouropathies. Several studies have modified the classical epidemiologic data on the occurrence of these anomalies. Others have focused on the accuracy of obstetric ultrasound in detecting uropathies. All have induced better work-up and better treatment of the patients. The work-up and management of cases of reflux or congenital megaureter are good illustrations of this evolution. Urinary tract infections remain an important concern for pediatricians. Most authors agree that succimer scanning, radiologic cystography, and ultrasound are the most contributive examinations for their work-up. These examinations are also useful for following patients with established infections. Ultrasound by itself contributes greatly to nephrourologic diagnosis. Characteristic ultrasonographic patterns are most useful, eg, for nephrotic syndrome of the Finnish type. Doppler ultrasonography appears accurate for establishing the diagnosis and prognosis of vasculopathies and has been used successfully in the work-up of hemolytic-uremic syndrome.

ISSN:1040-8703    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1991

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The articles reviewed are selected from those published within the past year on radiographic examination of bone disease in children. Those studies that further our understanding of particular diseases and improve our diagnostic acumen are highlighted. Works on congenital anomalies and dysplasias discuss achondrogenesis-hypochondrogenesis and limb anomalies associated with pulmonary agenesis. Metabolism in mucolipidosis II is examined, as is the growth of the foramen magnum in achondroplasia. Discussion of infectious diseases includes articles on multifocal osteomyelitis and congenital syphilis. Articles on evaluation of hip pain and of neoplasms emphasize the uses of magnetic resonance imaging. The role of magnetic resonance imaging in detecting marrow-infiltrating primary and metastatic malignancy is reviewed. A possible role for magnetic resonance spectroscopy in distinguishing benign from malignant lesions is also presented. Finally, simplified radiographic methods for measuring bone density are reviewed.

ISSN:1040-8703    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1991

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:1040-8703    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1991

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Thirty-three articles concerning childhood urinary infection were subjected to critical review. Over the 12-month period surveyed, modest advances occurred in the pathogenesis of urinary infection, particularly in bacterial virulence and in acquired host susceptibility. Breast-feeding joined circumcision as a putative protective factor. Two studies of the natural history of urine infection examined its relationship to sexual abuse. Another series of papers examined the strengths and weaknesses of different imaging modalities. Papers on the management of urinary infection were disappointingly few and did not include any prospective controlled trials. A P-fimbriae vaccine showed promise in baboons.

ISSN:1040-8703    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1991

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Children born to mothers infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) present specific problems to the pediatric health care worker. Although only one third of children born to these mothers are actually infected with HIV, the identification of these children is complicated by the presence of passively acquired maternal antibodies and the immunosuppressive effects of HIV infection. This article reviews the latest developments in the diagnosis of HIV infection in children. The efficiency of perinatal transmission of the virus from mother to child is approximately 25% to 40%. The natural history of pediatric HIV infection indicates that although most children present with symptoms in the first years of life, some, as in the case of the adult population, are asymptomatic for years and develop manifestations of HIV infection after 6 to 10 years. Children with HIV infection differ from adults in several ways,ie, they present withPneumocystis cariniipneumonia in the 1st year of life with what appear to be normal CD4 lymphocyte counts and they have increased susceptibility to recurrent bacterial and viral infections, an increased incidence of lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis, a wide spectrum of neurologic and developmental abnormalities, and a decreased incidence of Kaposi's sarcoma. The introduction of zidovudine, an effective antiretroviral agent, and its analogues into pediatric practice has given new hope to the treatment of HIV infection. The risk of nosocomial acquisition of HIV is discussed, as are current strategies for disrupting transmission in health care workers who have been directly exposed to contaminated body fluids via either a needle stick, open wound, or open mucous membrane.

ISSN:1040-8703    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1991

数据来源: OVID