ISSN:1040-8703    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Until recently, tetanus was estimated to be killing well over half a million children each year in the developing world, most commonly through neonatal tetanus, the incidence of which was around six per 1000 live births. Neonatal tetanus most commonly occurs through cord contamination of the umbilical stump. Vaccination of pregnant women and infants is an effective and inexpensive intervention that results in major health gains, although educating traditional birth attendants and mothers about safer birthing practices probably also lowers the incidence of tetanus. Recently, however, new vigor and strategies in immunization programs have resulted in substantial improvements. Immunization of pregnant women, and identification and targeting of areas and populations in which neonatal tetanus is occurring are especially effective. Tetanus will continue to be a pediatric problem until vaccination strategies are effectively implemented, surveillance systems are improved, and hygienic birthing practices become standard in all countries.

ISSN:1040-8703    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Despite extensive research on various aspects of otitis media, this disease remains an important health care problem of childhood. The rapid increase in resistance to penicillin and several other drugs among strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae will most likely have a great impact on the antibiotic treatment of acute otitis media. The increasing antimicrobial resistance has once again brought up the question of whether antibiotics are really needed in the treatment of acute otitis media. Further, the resistance problem underscores the great need for effective methods to prevent otitis media. In the current situation, the common practice of using antimicrobial prophylaxis for prevention of otitis media should be seriously reconsidered.

ISSN:1040-8703    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Now that invasive disease caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b has been largely controlled in the developed world, the principal bacterial pathogen causing meningitis in most countries is the meningococcus. Serogroup B and C strains predominate in most industrialised countries in contrast to the situation in sub-Saharan Africa, where serogroup A meningococcal disease is periodically a problem of massive epidemic proportions. This review focuses on developments in our understanding of the diagnosis and treatment of meningococcal disease, of host factors important in susceptibility to, and severity of, this infection, and on advances which may eventually lead to its prevention.

ISSN:1040-8703    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Helicobacter pylori causes chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer disease and is epidemiologically associated with the subsequent development of gastric malignancies. Knowledge regarding H. pylori is of particular relevance to pediatricians since acquisition of the infection occurs mainly during the childhood years and may be associated with the development of more severe disease manifestations such as gastric malignancies. Because only a minority of infected individuals will ever develop the sequelae of peptic ulcer disease or gastric cancer, the identification of bacteria factors that play a role in disease pathophysiology is a major focus of current research. This review highlights recent advances in our knowledge of disease pathogenesis, with particular emphasis on bacterial virulence. In addition, the recent literature addressing epidemiology, transmission, clinical features, treatment, and prevention of H. pylori infection is reviewed.

ISSN:1040-8703    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This year marks the 30th anniversary of the first description of Kawasaki disease. The disease has emerged as an important cause of acquired heart disease in children. The cause of Kawasaki disease remains unknown and this presents many problems in the diagnosis and management of the disease. This paper reviews recent publications on the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and the short- and long-term management of Kawasaki disease.

ISSN:1040-8703    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

An emerging virus is a term applied to a newly discovered virus, one that is increasing in incidence or with the potential to increase in incidence. Many viruses fit into this definition. HIV is the clearest example of a previously unknown virus that has now produced one of the largest pandemics in history. Recent advances have occurred in the identification and understanding of new hantaviruses in the Americas, causing an acute respiratory disease. The possible causal role of human herpesvirus 8 in Kaposi's sarcoma has gained support, whereas that of a newly discovered flavivirus in causing hepatitis has not been confirmed. A major advance has been evidence showing that the bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent is almost certainly the cause of a new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Although new viruses are discovered almost yearly (eg, Australian bat lyssavirus), other “older” viruses (eg, dengue) are reemerging, infecting millions of people every year with significant mortality.

ISSN:1040-8703    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Three broad-spectrum antibiotics are reviewed, each from a different class. Meropenem is closely related to imipenem and was recently approved for use in children. Its advantages over imipenem include greater activity against gram-negative bacteria and lack of association with seizures. Cefepime is a fourth generation cephalosporin with the gram-positive activity of cefotaxime and the gram-negative spectrum of ceftazidime. Trovafloxacin is a fluoroquinolone with an exceptionally broad antibacterial spectrum. Meropenem is approved for use in children, cefepime is approved for use in adults only, and trovafloxacin is still undergoing clinical trials. These agents should be reserved for treatment of serious infections, especially those in immunocompromised patients or polymicrobial infections.

ISSN:1040-8703    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:1040-8703    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Sickle cell disease results in significant morbidity and mortality for those affected with this disease. Despite the fact that every case of sickle cell disease results from the same genetic mutation, there is considerable heterogeneity in the clinical course of the disease. Considerable knowledge has been gained regarding the complications of sickle cell disease including pain episodes, infections, stroke, and lung disease. Clarifying the clinical course of sickle cell disease has enabled us to develop therapies to decrease the morbidity of this disease and, with hope, will direct further investigations into novel treatment interventions.

ISSN:1040-8703    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1998

数据来源: OVID